类指成分的话题化功能及其成因  

The topicalization of kind-denoting elements in Chinese and its motivations

作　　者：刘丹青 LIU Danqing

机构地区：[1]深圳大学人文学院

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2023年第1期14-28,共15页Chinese Teaching in the World

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目(19AYY004);深圳大学特聘教授启动项目资助。

摘　　要：关于话题的指称条件,学界长期聚焦有定,对类指关注不够。本文探讨类指成分在汉语话题化中的重要作用及其成因。类指与有定无定的上位义“个体指”相对,但性质上更近有定,尤近专有名词,都属于共享的长时已知信息,略别于一般有定的现场已知信息。汉语类指成分的话题化功能很强,在文章总结的话题化构式4大类、19个小类话题中,有定成分适合充当其中的8类,而类指成分适合充当其中的17类。本文指出汉语类指成分话题化有三个成因:1.信息地位:作为共享的已知信息有充当话题的潜能;2.类型特点:汉语为话题优先语言,其话题作为固有的句法成分衍生出丰富多样的话题构式,话题作为显赫范畴从现场已知信息扩展到长时已知信息,包括类指成分;3.认知图式:类指成分主要做语域式、分裂式和同一性三大类框架式话题,这些话题都与述题内的相应部分构成“大-小”认知图式,遵循“框架大于内容原则”(Liu, 2004)的话题化原则。With regard to referential requirement on topicalization, the literature has been focusing on definiteness, with little attention to genericity(kind-denoting). The present paper aims to focus on the active role of kind-denoting elements in topicalization and the underlying factors in Chinese. Opposed to individuality, the upper category covering definiteness and indefiniteness, kind reference is close to definiteness, particularly to proper nouns, both belonging to shared long-term given information, though it is a bit different from other kinds of definiteness which usually occur as situational given information. Kind-denoting elements play an active role in topicalization in Chinese. Among four classes and 19 subclasses of topic constructions, definite elements can serve as topic in eight subclasses while generic elements are seen in 17 subclasses. The paper specifies three factors which may trigger topicalization of generic elements: I. Information status: Generic elements as shared given information have the potential for topicalization. II. The language type: Chinese as a topic-prominent language has topic as an inherent syntactical function, giving rise to rich topic constructions. Topic as a mighty category expands its range of application from situational given information to shared long-term given information, including generic elements. III. Cognitive schema: A generic element can mainly serve as one of the three types of frame topics, i.e., domain topic, split topic and identical topic. Topics of these types and their corresponding elements in the comments can form big-small cognitive schemas, which observes the Principle of Frame Being Bigger than Content for topic constructions(Liu 2004).

关 键 词：类指 话题化 长时已知信息 话题优先 内容大于框架原则 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]