石家河早期聚落营建的地方性与适应性  

The Locality and Adaptability of Early Settlement Construction in Shijiahe Settlements

作　　者：汪芳[1] 方勤 WANG Fang;FANG Qin(Beijing 100871;Wuhan,Hubei 430077)

机构地区：[1]北京大学建筑与景观设计学院,北京100871 [2]湖北省文物考古研究院,湖北武汉430077

出　　处：《江汉考古》2022年第6期49-56,F0003,共9页Jianghan Archaeology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(编号52130804);国家社科基金重点项目(编号21AZD033)基金资助。

摘　　要：石家河聚落是长江中游地区史前文明中心,为早期聚落营建的适应模式和人地演化特征研究提供契机。本文以长江中游的石家河聚落为例,通过多尺度的视角审视石家河早期聚落营建的地方性与适应性,并分析环境变化和区域文化交流对遗址群营建的影响。研究发现:在聚落群尺度上,地形和周边水系提供多样生业基础,帮助其逐步发展为具有等级分化和功能分区的聚落群;聚落尺度上,通过基于自然的、低成本的城垣与壕沟营建方式,在适应地形、适应人口、适应社会的动态过程中,形成了利于防守的聚落结构;建筑尺度上,地方性技术体现在对墙和房基的处理,人们对土的熟悉和对火的掌握在石家河文化早期达到了很好的水平。总体而言,石家河遗址群聚落营建的地方适应表现为在气候变化下对区域地貌环境的选择与改造,其兴衰演化受到黄河中游等周边区域文明的重要影响。The Shijiahe settlements is the center of prehistoric civilization in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, which provides an opportunity for the study of the adaptive mode of early settlement construction and the characteristics of human-land evolution. Taking the Shijiahe settlements in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as an example, this paper examines the locality and adaptability of the early Shijiahe settlements construction from a multi-scale perspective, and analyzes the impact of environmental changes and regional cultural exchanges on the construction of the site group. It is found that on the scale of the settlements, the topography and the surrounding water system provide a basis for diverse livelihoods, helping it to gradually develop into settlements with hierarchical differentiation and functional division;on the scale of the settlement group, through the natural and low-cost construction methods of city walls and trenches, a settlement structure that is conducive to defense is formed in the dynamic process of adapting to terrain, population, and society;on the architectural scale, locality technology is reflected in the treatment of walls and foundations. Specifically, people’s familiarity with soil and mastery of fire reached a good level in the early Shijiahe culture. In general, the local adaptation of the settlement construction of the Shijiahe settlements are reflected in the selection and transformation of the regional geomorphological environment under climate change. In addition, its rise and fall were significantly influenced by the civilization in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and other surrounding regions.

关 键 词：石家河遗址群 聚落营建 人地关系 地方性 适应性 

分 类 号：K871.1[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]