公共汽车票价体系和补贴机制问题与思考  

Discussion on Bus Fare System and Subsidy Mechanism

作　　者：苏跃江 周芦芦 胡郁葱[1] 李晓玉 SU Yuejiang;ZHOU Lulu;HU Yucong;LI Xiaoyu(School of Civil Engineering and Transportation,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou Guangdong 510641,China;Guangzhou Transport Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou Guangdong 510635,China;Guangzhou International Engineering Consulting Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou Guangdong 510635,China)

机构地区：[1]华南理工大学土木与交通学院,广东广州510641 [2]广州市交通运输研究院有限公司,广东广州510635 [3]广州市国际工程咨询有限公司,广东广州510600

出　　处：《城市交通》2022年第6期46-55,共10页Urban Transport of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“基于定价和调度策略的需求响应公交的盈亏平衡机理研究”(52072128)。

摘　　要：票价体系和财政补贴机制是公共交通运营管理和财政优先的重要手段。从公共管理视角阐述公共交通服务的四大特性,梳理其发展定位的演变过程。对比分析中国主要城市公共汽车票价体系、运营模式、补贴机制等方面发展现状和存在的问题,提出相应对策建议。结果表明:构建与乘客出行特征相适应的票价体系、乘客出行费用与居民人均可支配收入相匹配的票价优惠模式以及动态调节机制,可为公共汽车线网优化奠定基础;建立成本约束、综合考核、经营分享等机制以及精细化补贴模式,有利于促进公共汽车企业降本增效。以广州市597条公共汽车线路为例进行分析显示,乘客满意度达到83分是运营成本和满意度的拐点,应避免为追求满意度无限提高运营成本导致政府补贴过高。The fare system and fiscal subsidy mechanism are crucial means for operational management and fiscal prioritization of bus transit.Starting with the perspective of public administration,this paper first analyzes four characteristics of bus transit services and their evolution in development and roles.To address existing issues in major cities in China regarding the bus fare system,operation mode,and subsidy mechanism,the paper proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.The results show that setting up a fare system adapted to travel characteristics of passengers,a fare discount mode with consistency between passengers’travel cost and per-capita disposable income,and a dynamic adjustment mechanism can lead to a solid foundation for optimizing the bus transit network.Establishing cost constraint,comprehensive assessment,operation sharing,and other mechanisms,as well as developing a refined subsidy mode,would help reduce cost and increase efficiency for bus transit operators.Using 597 bus routes in Guangzhou as an example,the paper presents an analysis to demonstrate a score of 83 for passengers’satisfaction as the turning point of operation cost and satisfaction;achieving improved satisfaction through overly increased operation cost should be avoided to prevent excessively high government subsidy in bus transit.

关 键 词：公共汽车 票价体系 补贴机制 运营模式 

分 类 号：U491.17[交通运输工程—交通运输规划与管理] F572.5[交通运输工程—道路与铁道工程] F812.45[经济管理—产业经济]