负载量对南疆矮化自根砧苹果树体生长、光合能力及果实发育和品质的影响  

Impacts of fruit load on tree growth,leaf gas exchange and fruit development and quality in apple trees grafted on a dwarfing rootstock in southern Xinjiang

作　　者：王凯 李秀玲 张晓云 袁引燕 鲁晓燕[1] 姜继元[2] 张东[3] 杨伟伟[1] WANG Kai;LI Xiuling;ZHANG Xiaoyun;YUAN Yinyan;LU Xiaoyan;JIANG Jiyuan;ZHANG Dong;YANG Weiwei(College of Agriculture,Shihezi University/Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,Shihezi 832000,Xinjiang,China;Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences,Shihezi 832000,Xinjiang,China;College of Horticulture,Northwest A&F University/Yangling Branch of National Apple Improvement Center,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]石河子大学农学院·特色果蔬栽培生理与种质资源利用兵团重点实验室,新疆石河子832000 [2]新疆农垦科学院,新疆石河子832000 [3]西北农林科技大学园艺学院·国家苹果改良中心杨凌分中心,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《果树学报》2023年第1期48-59,共12页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31860527);石河子大学2021年度自主支持立项校级科研项目(007)。

摘　　要：【目的】探讨负载量对南疆地区矮化自根砧嘎拉苹果树体生长、光合能力及果实发育和品质周年动态变化的影响,为南疆地区矮化自根砧苹果负载量调控及开发高效栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】以南疆6年生皇家嘎拉/M9-T337苹果为试材,以单位主干横截面积果实数(个·cm^(-2))为标准设置5个负载量处理(0.3、2.3、4.4、6.1和8.2个·cm^(-2)),测定各负载量条件下树体生长、枝类组成、叶片光合、果实品质的动态变化,并估算当年经济效益。【结果】负载量增加会显著降低主干、主枝横截面积和冠幅,降低中、长枝比例,增加短枝比例,从而使总枝数显著增加而叶面积指数减小。除长枝梢在0.3个·cm^(-2)负载条件下生长不受抑制外,其他各负载量处理新梢长度和粗度会停止生长;长、中、短枝梢停长时间分别为花后60、45和30 d,且负载量越小,中、长枝梢的长度和基径越大。负载4.4个·cm^(-2)处理的苹果叶片叶绿素含量在冠层任何部位均保持较高水平。负载4.4、6.1和8.2个·cm^(-2)处理在光合周年动态变化和日变化中均保持较高的光合能力。光合周年动态变化中,0.3个·cm^(-2)负载在盛花后120 d达到最大,而其他处理光合能力在盛花后90 d达到最大。0.3和2.6个·cm^(-2)光合日变化呈现“双峰”曲线,而其他负载处理呈“单峰”曲线。负载量的增加显著提高叶片光合能力。然而,负载量的增大会显著降低果实单果质量、纵横径、果形指数、着色指数、可溶性固形物含量和优果率等指标,负载量4.4个·cm^(-2)时,果实品质、产量(44.38 t·hm^(-2))及经济效益(20.19万元·hm^(-2))达到最佳。【结论】南疆地区矮化自根砧皇家嘎拉苹果以每平方厘米主干横截面积留果4.4个左右为适宜负载量,有利于叶片光合能力提升及形成良好的树体结构和枝类比例,维持优良树势并获得优质的果实和最佳收益。【Objective】Impacts of dwarfing rootstock on the performance of apple trees are affected by environmental conditions.There is no precedent for application of dwarfing rootstocks in apple trees in Xinjiang.In addition,fruit load is one of the most important factors that affect the sustainable growth and development of apple trees,and the effects are stage specific.Thus,this research aims to clarify the impacts of fruit load on tree growth,leaf photosynthetic capacity and fruit yield and quality in apple trees grafted on a dwarfing rootstock over growing season in southern Xinjiang.Moreover,impacts of fruit load on total incomes at harvest were estimated.【Methods】Six-year-old Royal Gala/M9-T337 apple trees in southern Xinjiang were used as materials.Fruit loads were controlled according to the number of fruits per cm2of trunk cross-sectional area(No.·cm^(-2)).In total,5 fruit loads were set,including0.3(T1),2.3(T2),4.4(T3),6.1(T4)and 8.2(T5)No.·cm^(-2).The seasonal dynamics of trunk diameter,branch diameter and leaf gas exchange and diurnal dynamics of leaf gas exchange were measured.The leaf chlorophyll content in various canopy parts were determined.Number of short(<5 cm),medium(>5 cm and<15 cm),and long(>15 cm)shoots were counted.Fruit qualities and yield were determined at harvest and the economic incomes were estimated based on fruit diameter distribution.【Results】The cross-sectional areas of trunk and branch started to increase at 40 days after full bloom,irrespective of fruit loads.At 120 days after full bloom,T1 had significantly larger increase in cross-sectional areas of trunk and branch than the other treatments,and corresponding values in T2 and T3 were significantly higher than in T4 and T5.The canopy width started to increase from full bloom.At 120 days after full bloom,canopy width was larger with lower fruit load,and differed significantly among treatments.In addition,the number and proportion of long and medium shoots were higher,and those of the short shoots were lower with higher fru

关 键 词：苹果 负载量 生长发育 光合 果实品质 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]