南疆3种砧木苹果树的光能截获率及冠层结构优化  

Light interception rate and canopy structure optimization of apple trees with three kinds of stocks in southern Xinjiang

作　　者：兖攀 王久照 姜继元[1] 陈奇凌[1] YAN Pan;WANG Jiu-zhao;JIANG Ji-yuan;CHEN Qi-ling(Institute of Forestry and Horticulture of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science,Xinjiang Production&Construction Corp Key Laboratory of Korla Fragrant Pear Germplasm Innovation and Quality Improvement and Efficiency Increment,Shihezi,Xinjiang 832000,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农垦科学院林园研究所/库尔勒香梨种质创新与提质增效兵团重点实验室,新疆石河子832000

出　　处：《西南农业学报》2022年第11期2616-2626,共11页Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：兵团重大科技项目(2016jb03-2、2021AA005、2019AA004);兵团财政科技计划项目(2020DA004)。

摘　　要：【目的】探寻苹果冠层内的光照分布规律,建立光截获量日变化模型,确定苹果冠层结构的调控方法和目标参数,为南疆密植苹果园的树形培养提供理论依据。【方法】以定植第4年矮化自根砧、矮化中间砧和乔砧苹果幼树为试材,测定冠层结构参数和不同部位的光合有效辐射(PAR),基于象限思维构建三维空间,绘制分布图,建立光能截获评价指标体系,计算光截获量和光能截获率,通过相关相关性分析和主成分分析,明确影响光能截获的主要冠层结构参数。【结果】矮砧苹果树的冠层体积为1.5 m^(3),中间砧2.3 m^(3),乔砧3.5 m^(3),与中间砧苹果树比,乔砧的地径增加34%,树高增加31%,分枝数增加43%,枝总长增加44%。与矮砧苹果树比,中间砧的地径增加15%,枝总长增加30%。太阳高度角是影响冠层光截获量的最主要因素,其次是离主干距离,然后是高度,再次是冠层体积,最后是方位。平均光截获量的日变化规律是缓慢上升、快速提升、较高水平、快速下降、逐渐归零。矮砧苹果树的平均光截获量最大,为1041μmol/(m^(2)·s),显著高于中间砧[879μmol/(m^(2)·s)]和乔砧[866μmol/(m^(2)·s)]。矮砧苹果树的单日累积光截获量为46.0 mol/m^(2),群体累积光截获量为7675 mol/m^(2),光能截获率为65.2%,低光区占比为11.4%;中间砧苹果树的单日累积光截获量为38.4 mol/m^(2),群体累积光截获量为4260 mol/m^(2),光能截获率为59.9%,低光区占比为20.2%,乔砧的单日累积光截获量为40.0 mol/m^(2),群体累积光截获量为3320 mol/m^(2),光能截获率为55.0%,低光区占比为21.3%。【结论】冠层体积每增大1 m^(3),光能截获率下降5%。要想保持较高的光能截获率,需要控制平均枝长、长枝占比、平均长枝长和下层基角,不同砧木苹果树的冠层调控方法又各有侧重点。【Objective】The study aimed to search for laws of light distribution in apple canopy, establish the daily change model of light interception, determine the control methods and target parameters of the apple canopy structure, and provide a theoretical basis for the tree shape culture of the densely planted apple orchard in southern Xinjiang. 【Method】Using dwarf rootstock, dwarf interstock and vigorous stock apple young trees planted on the 4thyear as test materials, the canopy structure parameters and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) of different parts were measured, and the three-dimensional space was constructed based on quadrant thinking, and the distribution map was drawn, the evaluation index system of light interception was established, the light interception amount and light interception rate were calculated, the main canopy structure parameters that affect light interception are identified. 【Result】The canopy volume of dwarf rootstock apple trees was 1.5 m^(3), dwarf interstock tree 2.3 m^(3), vigorous stock tree 3.5 m^(3), compared with the dwarf interstock apple tree, the ground diameter of vigorous stock increased by 34%, the tree height increased by 31%, the number of branches increased by 43%, and the total length of branches increased by 44%. Compared with dwarf rootstock apple trees, the ground diameter of dwarf interstock increased by 15% and the total length of branches increased by 30%. The solar altitude angle was the most important factor affecting the light interception of the canopy, followed by the distance from the trunk, then the height, then the canopy volume, and finally the direction. The daily variation law of average light interception was slow rise, rapid rise, high level, rapid decline and gradually return to zero. The average light interception of dwarf rootstock apple trees was the largest, 1041 μmol/(m^(2)·s), significantly higher than dwarf interstock [879 μmol/(m^(2)·s)] and vigorous stock [866 μmol/(m^(2)·s)]. The daily cumulative light interception of

关 键 词：苹果 砧木 冠层结构 光照分布 光能截获率 

分 类 号：S661[农业科学—果树学]