早期锡青铜冶炼工艺的思考与模拟实验  

Consideration and Simulation Experimental Study on Early Tin Bronze Smelting Process

作　　者：马丁 王昌燧 罗武干 Ma Ding;Wang Changsui;Luo Wugan

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学考古学与人类学系

出　　处：《南方文物》2022年第5期143-151,共9页Cultural Relics in Southern China

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项“丝路沿线早期砷铜冶金考古与文明互动”(批准号:20VJXG018)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：冶金作为人类历史上的一项重要进步,一直是历史学研究的热点。关于长期争论的冶金单一起源和多地起源问题,近年来欧亚大陆早期冶金技术多样性的发现以及早期简单冶金技术的揭示,致使多地起源观点更被关注。受早期黄铜冶炼工艺等研究的启示,本研究利用模拟实验并结合测试分析,探讨了早期锡青铜低温冶炼工艺的可行性。使用坩埚、马弗炉等工具,在650~950℃的温度下,以木炭为还原剂,冶炼孔雀石与锡石的混合物,并进而重熔冶炼产物。利用X射线荧光、X射线衍射、金相分析等方法观察、测试相关冶炼产物,其结果表明,冶炼温度达到700℃左右即可得到海绵状铜块。在930℃左右直接冶炼孔雀石和锡石的混合物,可得到有实用价值的锡青铜块。在不超过1000℃的温度下,能够将小块金属融合成锡青铜锭乃至铜刀坯料,金相组织可见α固溶体树枝晶及α+δ共析体,符合铜锡合金铸造组织特征。本项工作表明,在浇注青铜工艺成熟之前,有可能存在通过类似早期黄铜固态还原工艺冶炼获得锡青铜,期望这一推测能对冶金起源探索有所裨益。Metallurgy,as an important progress in human history,has always been the focus of historical research.In recent years,the discovery of the diversity of early metallurgical techniques in Eurasia and the early simple metallurgical techniques have led to the attention of the point of view of the multiple origin of metallurgy in Eurasia.Inspired by the research on the smelting of some early brass,the feasibility of low-temperature smelting process of early tin bronze was studied by simulation experiment and scientific analyses.The mixtures of malachite and cassiterite were smelted with charcoal as reducing agent,using crucible,muffle furnace etc.,at the temperature of 650-950℃.Then the smelting products were remelted.X-ray fluorescence,X-ray diffraction and metallographic analysis were used to observe and test the products.The results show that spongy copper can be obtained when the smelting temperature reaches about 700℃.Tin-bronze blocks with practical value can be obtained by direct smelting the mixture of malachite and cassiterite at about 930℃.Under the temperature of no more than 1000℃,small pieces of metal can be fused into tin bronze ingots and knifes.The distribution ofαsolid solution dendrite andα+δeutectoid can be seen in the metallographic structure of the knifes,which are in line with the characteristics of the as-cast structure.This work shows that before the casting process became mature,there might have been tin bronze smelted by a process similar to the solid-state reduction,which was probably used to smelt some early brass.It is expected that this speculation will be benefit to the exploration of the origin of metallurgy.

关 键 词：锡青铜 冶炼 模拟实验 固态还原 

分 类 号：TF811[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]