基于农户调查的津冀地区设施蔬菜化肥减施潜力分析  

Chemical fertilizer reduction potential of greenhouse vegetable in Tianjin city and Hebei province based on farmer investigation

作　　者：张怀志[1] 唐继伟[1] 袁硕[1] 黄绍文[1] 胡亚峰 ZHANG Huai-zhi;TANG Ji-wei;YUAN Shuo;HUANG Shao-wen;HU Ya-feng(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081;Agro-Techo Extension and Serrice Center of Anding Distrit,Dingxi City,Gansu Province,Dingxi Gansu 7430010)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]甘肃省定西市安定区农业技术推广服务中心,甘肃定西743000

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2022年第11期48-55,共8页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：“十三五”国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFD0201001,2016YFD0801006);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-23-B02)。

摘　　要：养分精准管理是保证设施蔬菜优质高产的重要措施,厘清设施蔬菜不同种植制度、不同蔬菜品种的农户施肥状况和土壤肥力水平,对实现化肥减施增效具有重要意义。在天津、河北两地选取设施蔬菜播种面积超过6000 hm2的7个县,实地调查149个地块共212个设施蔬菜茬口有机肥和化肥投入、蔬菜产量等信息,并对应采集分析每个地块0~20 cm土层的有机质、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量。结果表明,天津、河北两地同一种类、同一茬口的设施蔬菜化肥养分投入量差异较大,变异系数超过40%。河北省设施菜地硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾的平均含量分别为116.2、287.0和725.1 mg/kg,其中,42.1%地块的硝态氮处于高含量水平(≥100mg/kg)、92.1%地块的有效磷含量处于高含量水平(≥100 mg/kg)、100%地块的速效钾含量处于高含量水平(≥200 mg/kg);天津市设施菜地硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾的平均含量分别为256.2、232.2和909.8 mg/kg,其中,60.4%地块的硝态氮含量、91.0%地块的有效磷含量、99.1%地块的速效钾含量分别处于高含量水平。两地区有机质含量处于中等含量水平(20~30 g/kg)。天津、河北设施蔬菜化肥养分(N+P2O5+K2O)减施潜力分别为20.8%~75.2%和44.9%~88.3%。研究区域设施蔬菜化肥养分用量过量、土壤氮磷钾丰富、化肥减施潜力较大,应因地制宜采取差异化的化肥减施策略。Precision fertilization plays very important roles for the high yield and high quality in greenhouse vegetable production.Many factors including different planting system,vegetable cultivars,soil fertility,and nutrient input can influence chemical fertilizer reduction and enhancing efficiency technology extension.More than 149 farmer’s greenhouses were randomly picked out from seven counties,which greenhouse vegetable-sown area of each county was more than 6000 hm~2 in Tianjin city and Hebei province,and totally 212 vegetable growing seasons were surveyed from September 2016 to June 2018.The questionnaire included yield,fertilizer types,application rates and time,application methods and N,P2O5and K2O contents,and so on.At the same time,149 samples of 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer from the investigated greenhouses were collected and organic matter(OM),nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus(AP)and available potassium(AK)concentration were measured.The investigation showed that there was a great difference in fertilizer input of each farmer on the same vegetable and planting season,the variation coefficient was more than 40%.In Hebei province and Tianjin city,the average contents of soil nitrate nitrogen,AP and AK in greenhouse vegetable fields were 116.2,287.0,725.1 mg/kg and 256.2,232.2,909.8 mg/kg,respectively,while 42.1% and 60.4% of the soil samples were at high nitrate nitrogen evaluation level(≥100 mg/kg),92.1% and 91.0% of the soil samples were at high AP evaluation level(≥100 mg/kg), 100% and 99.1% of the soil samples were at high AK evaluation level(≥200 mg/kg),and the OM content was in medium fertility(20 ~ 30 g/kg)for the two locations.About 20.8% ~ 75.2% and 44.9% ~ 88.3% of current chemical fertilizer input(N+P2O5+K2O)could be reduced in Tianjin city and Hebei province,respectively.On account of the excessive application of chemical fertilizers,richness of soil nutrient and higher fertilizer reduction potential,different strategies of practical fertilizer reduction should be carried out according to fiel

关 键 词：设施蔬菜 土壤肥力 养分用量 化肥减施潜力 津冀地区 

分 类 号：S626[农业科学—园艺学]