准确理解和量化森林水源涵养功能  

On accurately defining and quantifying the water retention services of forests

作　　者：孙阁[1] 张橹 王彦辉[4] SUN Ge;ZHANG Lu;WANG Yanhui(Southern Research Station,United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service,Research Triangle Park,North Carolina 27709,United States of America;College of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430074,China;Commonwealth Science and Industry Organization,Land and Water,Canberra,Australian Capital Territory 2601,Australia;Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing 100091,China)

机构地区：[1]美国农业部林务局南方研究院,北卡罗来纳州27709 [2]武汉大学水利水电学院,武汉430074 [3]澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织水土研究所,堪培拉2601 [4]中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所,北京100091

出　　处：《生态学报》2023年第1期9-25,共17页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0801803,2022YFF1300404);国家自然科学基金项目(U20A2085,U21A2005)。

摘　　要：公认的森林水源涵养功能是指森林通过调节蒸散的组分和总量、保护和改善土壤结构、提高土壤入渗和削减地表径流、促进壤中流形成和地下水补充等水文过程而产生的消减河川洪水径流、增加枯水期径流、稳定水资源供给的利于经济社会发展的有益作用。但是,这种简单定义忽略了森林对总径流量的调节作用,因此会常常引出对森林水文效益的一些误解。研究认为,森林水源涵养服务功能或效益与森林水文调节作用关系密切但却是不同的概念。混淆二者的内涵是导致不能准确理解和合理评价森林水文影响的重要原因。森林水源涵养效益有很大时空差异,在量化和评价时需对比参照生态系统并考虑经济社会发展的水安全需求。量化森林水文调节作用方法的共同原则是赐除森林以外的其它因素影响,从而确定森林本身的水文影响。大面积森林恢复虽然对减少灾害性的中小洪水有积极作用,但各地的森林水源涵养功能并不一致,还会随时间而变,也时常存在不同水源涵养功能指标的矛盾。造林或再造林不一定会产生补充地下水、提高枯水期径流及增加年径流总量的效益。相反,不合理的造林与经营可能产生不利的水文影响。我们呼吁生态学和水文学研究机构及自然资源管理部门应尽快联合,统一定义森林水源涵养服务功能并甄别不同指标,建立量化标准与评价方法,加强相关基础与应用研究,以便准确预测、评价与各地发展需求紧密相关的森林水源涵养服务功能,从而科学指导森林的恢复和管理,推进高质量生态建设。The beneficial functions of forests to protect and stabilize source waters,’reducing floods and augmenting low flows’,are termed as’Shui Yuan Han Yang’(SYHY)in Chinese Pin Yin and“Soo Won Ham Yang”in Korean.The term in Chinese characters first appeared in the forest legal documents in Japan in 1897 and formally adopted by the Japanese government and the scientific community around 2001.However,the SYHY term is much debated in Japan.What entails SYHY is poorly defined and has been largely ill-interpreted in practice of forest ecological restoration in China.To many,the perception that the increase in forest converge increases water resources including low flows persists,resulting in concerns among scientists and practitioners.This was not surprising as the forest-water relationships are complex and variable,and how forests affect the hydrological cycles at multiple scales have been under debate globally.This commentary attempts to tract the origin of the concept,the definitions,and causes of controversies,and explores how to best use the concept for guiding forest restoration campaigns in China and beyond.We conclude that SYHY services should consider forests role in both improving soil infiltration capacity and elevating water use by forests when evaluating the effects of vegetation-based ecological restoration.These two processes co-exist in influencing high flows,low flow,and total flow in forested watersheds and affect SYHY for a particular forest.We stress that forest hydrological functions are not SYHY services,and so they must be assessed separately with consideration of human water needs under different socioeconomic conditions.Different strategies in watershed management developed on forest ecohydrological principles are needed to achieve forest SYHY goals.

关 键 词：森林 水源涵养 蒸散 径流 生态水文 生态系统服务 

分 类 号：S715[农业科学—林学]