幼龄果园夏季套种玉米+秋季套种蔬菜模式建设  

Model Construction of Interplanting Maize in Summer and Vegetables in Autumn in Young Orchards

作　　者：龙会英[1] 张德[1] LONG Huiying;ZHANG De(Tropical Eco-agriculture Research Institute,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yuanmou Dry-Hot Valley Botancal Garden,Yuanmou 651300,Yunnan)

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所/元谋干热河谷植物园,云南元谋651300

出　　处：《中国热带农业》2023年第1期74-80,共7页China Tropical Agriculture

基　　金：彝乡产业技术领军人才项目(No.楚政发〔2021〕6号);云南省科学技术厅云南省技术创新人才培养项目(No.2011CI066);云南省农科院热区生态农业研究所重点科技项目(No.RQS2006-1)。

摘　　要：为充分利用云南干热河谷地区幼龄果园光热水土资源,提高幼龄果园建园初期(种植后1~3年)的经济效益,增加果农经济收入,降低幼龄果园种植和管理成本,2018—2020年,根据区域玉米和3种蔬菜的种植方式,建立“幼龄果园夏季套种玉米+秋季套种蔬菜”的增产增效栽培模式,总结栽培模式关键技术,结合套种作物在市场的销售情况,分析模式经济效益。结果表明:与果树单作对比,幼龄果园夏季套种玉米+秋季套种蔬菜的种植模式,每年增加幼龄果园2种以上农作物品种,提高园内经济收入,每公顷增收约113694.00~273090.00元,纯收入约75569.00~201701.50元/hm^(2),以短养长,同时高于蔬菜单季收入。在果树行间种植短期作物,可使杂草抑制率超过70%;随着短作水肥的施入,果树根系吸收多余的水肥,可促进果树生长;豆科作物生物固氮培肥土壤,可改善土壤物理性状。短期作物与短期作物间的轮作,可减少病虫害的发生,保持果园生态系统平衡,提高幼龄果园的资源利用率,实现农业增效、农民增收。In order to make the best of the light,thermal,water and land resources in young orchards in dry and hot valleys of Yunnan,promote economic benefits of young orchards at the initial stage(1-3 years after planting),improve fruit farmers’economic income,and reduce supplement costs of fruit cultivation and field management,according to planting ways of maize and three kinds of vegetables,the cultivation mode of high efficiency of"Interplanting Maize in Summer and Vegetables in Autumn in Young Orchards"was established from 2018 to 2020.The key technology of the cultivation mode was summarized,and economic benefit of the pattern was analyzed in combination with the marketing situation of interplanting crops in the market.The results showed that interplanting maize in spring and summer and vegetables in autumn in young orchards,compared with monoculture model of the fruit trees,increased more than 2 crop varieties of young orchards,and improved economic income in orchards.The income per hectare was about 113694.00-273090.00 yuan and the net income was about 75569.00-201701.50 yuan/hm^(2).Short cropping as income was used to maintain perennial crops by intercropping and crop rotation of economic crops in young orchards,which was higher than vegetables quarterly income.The rank grass could be controlled by 70%through short cropping for planting and management.With the application of short cropping water and fertilizer of short cropping,the root system of fruit trees absorbed excess water and fertilizer to promote the growth of fruit trees.Biological nitrogen fixation of leguminous crops could increase the soil nutrient and ameliorate the soil physical behavior of the the orchard.The rotation between short cropping could reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests,keep the balance of young orchards ecosystem,improve resource utilization rate of young orchards,and achieve agricultural efficiency and the economic income.

关 键 词：幼龄果园 套种 玉米 蔬菜 应用前景 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学] S513[农业科学—园艺学] S63