直播栽培对双季早稻生育期、抗倒伏能力及产量效益的影响  

Effects of Direct Seeding Cultivation Method on Growth Stage, Lodging Resistance and Yield Benefit of Double-Cropping Early Rice

作　　者：张晓丽[1] 陶伟[2] 高国庆[1] 陈雷[1] 郭辉[1] 张华[1] 唐茂艳[1] 梁天锋[1] ZHANG XiaoLi;TAO Wei;GAO GuoQing;CHEN Lei;GUO Hui;ZHANG Hua;TANG MaoYan;LIANG TianFeng(Rice Research Institute,Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding,Nanning 530007;Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanning 530007)

机构地区：[1]广西农业科学院水稻研究所/广西水稻遗传育种重点实验室,南宁530007 [2]广西农业科学院,南宁530007

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2023年第2期249-263,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32201901);国家现代农业产业技术体系广西创新团队(nycytxgxcxtd-2021-01-04);广西自然科学基金(2020GXNSFAA297071,2021GXNSFAA220093);广西壮族自治区农科院面上项目(桂农科2021JM51);广西壮族自治区农业科学院优势团队项目(2021YT031)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究直播栽培方式对不同类型水稻品种生育期、抗倒伏能力、产量和经济效益的影响,以期为机械化直播稻的应用推广提供理论基础。【方法】2020年和2021年早稻,以广西生产上推广面积较大的常规稻品种桂育9号、桂育11号、桂野丰、广粮香2号和杂交稻Y两优1号等5个品种为供试材料,以人工移栽为对照,进行大田精量直播。试验采用裂区设计,以栽培模式为主区,品种为副区,设置3个重复。记录各生育周期,测定主茎形态、基部茎秆特征以及抗折力、弯曲力度和倒伏指数等抗倒伏指标,成熟期测定产量及其构成因素,并计算成本和经济效益。【结果】(1)直播稻的生育期缩短2-6 d,主要表现在播种到幼穗分化期之间;(2)直播稻的抗倒伏能力低于移栽稻,其株高、重心高度与穗干重均较低,第二节间的茎粗、壁厚、鲜重和干重亦较低,茎秆长度则高于移栽稻,这是导致直播水稻抗倒伏能力弱的主要原因;(3)在产量表现方面,除Y两优1号外,其余4个水稻品种的产量表现为直播稻低于移栽稻。生育期相对短的品种,直播稻的产量明显低于移栽稻,而生育期较长的品种,产量差异不显著,在产量构成因素中,每穗粒数增加和结实率的提高是直播稻增产的主要因素;(4)从经济效益分析来看,供试品种中,生育期较短的桂育11号,因直播产量降低明显,效益降低,其余4个水稻品种的直播稻经济效益高于移栽稻,其主要原因是直播稻节省了育秧和插秧环节的人工成本。【结论】当前亟待发展以保面积、增效益为主要目标的水稻轻简生产模式,与移栽稻相比,水稻直播栽培具有缩短生育期,降低生产成本等明显优势,但其倒伏的风险相对较大,产量易受品种特性和环境因素的影响。在进行水稻早稻直播栽培时,可以通过选择中等熟期、基部茎秆长度合理、茎秆粗壮且茎秆壁厚的抗倒品种,在【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of direct seeding cultivation on the growth period,lodging resistance, yield and economic benefits of different rice varieties, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the application and promotion of mechanized direct seeding rice.【Method】 For the early rice in 2020 and 2021, the conventional rice varieties with a large area in Guangxi production, including Guiyu 9, Guiyu 11, Guiyefeng, Guangliangxiang 2, and hybrid rice Y Liangyou 1, were used as test materials. In the field, using the traditional manual transplanting as a control, the field was accurately direct seeding. A split plot design was used in this experiment with planting method as the main plot, with rice varieties as the split plot, and set up three replications. The length of the growth period was observed, the morphology of main stem and the characteristics of the basal stem, as well as the lodging indicators such as breaking resistance, bending moment and lodging index, were calculated, the yield and yield components were measured at the maturity stage, and the cost and economic benefits were calculated too.【Result】(1) The growth period of direct seeding was shortened by about 2-6 days, which was mainly reflected in the period from sowing to the beginning of young spike.(2) The lodging resistance of direct seeding rice was relatively poor, and its plant height, center of gravity height and panicle dry weight were lower than that of transplanted rice;The stem thickness, wall thickness, fresh weight and dry weight of its N2 stem were also lower than that of transplanted rice, and the length of the stem of direct seeding rice was higher than that of transplanted rice, which might be the main reason for the weak lodging resistance of the direct rice.(3) Among the varieties tested, the actual yields of the remaining four rice varieties were lower than those of transplanted under direct-seeded cultivation,except for Yliangyou1. For varieties with relatively short gro

关 键 词：水稻 直播 移栽 抗倒伏 产量 

分 类 号：S511.31[农业科学—作物学]