油库汽油泄漏应急预案人工回收的问题与建议  

Error Analysis of Manual Recovery of Gasoline Leakage Emergency Plan in Oil Depot

作　　者：王文明 王子文 Wang Wenming;Wang Ziwen(SINOPEC Jiangsu Yancheng Petroleum Branch Company,Jiangsu,Yancheng,224005;China Construction and Installation Group Co.,Ltd.,Jiangsu,Nanjing,210046)

机构地区：[1]中石化江苏盐城石油分公司,江苏盐城224005 [2]中建安装集团有限公司,江苏南京210046

出　　处：《安全、健康和环境》2023年第1期29-34,共6页Safety Health & Environment

摘　　要：针对油库汽油泄漏应急预案中关于“人工回收汽油”的误区,以装油罐车发生大面积泄漏为例,通过泄漏模型和泄火模型进行计算验证。其中基于泄漏模型计算表明,罐车内汽油将以22.52 kg/s、3.0 m^(2)/s(10 mm油层)的速度快速泄漏、扩散,在硬化且平坦地面不可能形成可用刮舀工具进行人工回收的油层厚度,在泄漏区域挥发形成的4‰生命健康影响浓度阈值的空气混合物,可引发人员中毒窒息事故。由此提出应急预案应按汽、柴油分类编制,对现行的汽油泄漏七字处置法增加“护”字、对汽油泄漏采用消防泡沫覆盖后再用水枪冲冼入事故池处理的方法取代人工回收、在收发储作业现场配置空气呼吸器等建议;基于池火模型计算表明,池火火焰高度、热辐射通量和伤害距离阈值与池火半径成正比,而火焰高径比和阈值净距半径倍率则与池火半径成反比,由此提出在汽油泄漏时,不宜近距离进行人工回收。当池火阈值净距半径倍率为2~2.5时,才能有效避免火灾对人员的伤害。A misunderstanding that emergency personnel used scraping and ladling tools to recover gasoline according to emergency plans existed in organizing emergency drills of some oil depots for oil tank gate valve,bellows,etc.,or oil tanker gasoline leakage.Taking the large area leakage of the tanker as an example,the calculation based on the leakage model showed that the gasoline in the tanker leaked and diffused rapidly at the speed of 22.52 kg/s and 3.0 m^(2)/s(10 mm oil layer),and it was impossible to form the thickness of the oil layer which could be manually recovered by the scraper tool on the hardened and flat ground.In the leakage area,an air mixture of 4‰ which was the vital health impact concentration threshold was volatilized from 65 m^(3)/kg oil.Based on this,it was suggested that the emergency plan should be prepared according to the classification of steam and diesel,the word“protection”was addd into the existing seven-word treatment method of gasoline leakage,manual recovery with the method of covering gasoline leakage with fire-fighting foam,and then flushing into the accident pool with water gun was replaced,and air breathing apparatus were installed at the site of receiving,receiving and storing.The calculation based on the pool fire model showed that the flame height,thermal radiation flux and damage distance threshold were proportional to the pool fire radius,while the flame height-diameter ratio and the threshold clear distance radius multiplier were inversely proportional to the pool fire radius.Only when the pool fire threshold clear distance radius multiplier was 2~2.5,could the fire damage to personnel be effectively avoided.

关 键 词：石油库 泄漏模型 池火模型 阈值 阈值净距半径倍率 应急预案 应急演练 

分 类 号：TE88[石油与天然气工程—油气储运工程]