道德势力的幻像:南京国民政府初期民国四老的权势兴衰  

Illusions of Moral Superiority:Rise and Fall of the Power of the“Four Elders”in the Early Nationalist Regime

作　　者：严海建[1] Yan Haijian

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学社会发展学院历史系,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《学术研究》2023年第1期123-138,177,178,共18页Academic Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国近代民众运动全史(1919-1949)”(19ZDA211)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在国民党内吴稚晖、蔡元培、李石曾、张静江有“四老”之称。四老在党内有较深的资历,且长期担任中央监察委员,地位与身份具有“党统”的象征性,同时四老大多系党内文人精英,其超然态度也代表了某种道德势力,从而使其在党内党外均有一定的发言地位。四老因在宁汉对峙中拥蒋而崛起,亦在国民党左右之争中不断提升权势,1928年10月国民政府改组四老政治影响力达到顶峰。在此过程中,拥蒋的同时张静江、李石曾、吴稚晖也借势推行各自的主张,并扩张权势。四老既是一个整体,同时他们之间也有明显的分歧。最终四老中只有紧随蒋介石的吴稚晖得以保有尊荣,其他三老则先后见弃。四老在南京国民政府初期的权势兴衰既可以在国民党派系格局演变的脉络中展现,同时也可以在四老权势资本的升降起落中加以认识。Within Kuomintang,Wu Zhihui,Cai Yuanpei,Li Shizeng and Zhang Jingjiang were known as the“Four Elders”.Having long been serving as board members of the Nationalist Party’s Central Supervisory Committee,they gained high reputation and great power and thus stood for the legitimacy of the entire party.At the same time,the“Four Elders”were also representatives of the cultural elites,whose detached attitude towards politics also lent them a force of moral superiority,so that they became influential both inside and outside the party.The power of the“Four Elders”rose because of their support for Chiang Kai-shek and expanded with the escalation of the struggle between the leftists and rightists within the party.Taking this opportunity,Zhang Jingjiang,Li Shizeng,and Wu Zhihui also made every effort to promote their own ideas and enhance their status.The reorganization of the Nationalist government in October 1928 manifested the height of their political influence,as their power gradually declined with the stabilization of Chiang Kai-shek’s dominance over the party and the growth of other factions that also supported Chiang Kai-shek.As a whole,the“Four Elders”also held divergent opinions.In the end,only Wu Zhihui,who submitted to Chiang Kai-shek,was able to retain his power,while the others were politically marginalized in succession.The rise and fall of the power of the“Four Elders”in the early Nationalist regime,in this sense,unravels the evolutionary trajectory of Kuomintang’s factional strives.

关 键 词：民国四老 国民党派系 左右之争 道德势力 

分 类 号：K262.9[历史地理—历史学]