老年人意定监护制度的域外考察与本土借鉴  

Elderly Voluntary Guardianship System:International Practice and Its Implications

作　　者：张海燕[1] 苏捷 Zhang Haiyan;Su Jie

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院,266237

出　　处：《国外社会科学》2022年第6期87-99,197,198,共15页Social Sciences Abroad

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“国家治理体系中民事执行现代化研究”(20&ZD195)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：意定监护制度创设于老年人权益保障领域,比法定监护更加符合老年人行为能力特殊需求与国际社会老龄观转型趋势。意定监护涵盖多元化的基本理念,包括尊重自主决定权、最小限度干预、最佳利益与生活正常化理念,并体现于我国现行民事监护制度之中。理念选择差异决定了意定监护制度最终的规则呈现。域外各国关于意定监护合同主体资格、监护事项范围、监护合同生效、监护开始时间认定及意定监护监督等方面的法规范与法实践表现各异。我国老年人意定监护制度出现较晚,现有法规范相对粗疏,存在意定监护合同成立与生效要件不完整、意定监护开始时间认定不科学、意定监护监督制度缺位等制度困境。在明确自身理念选择的基础上,应借鉴域外有效经验,完善我国意定监护合同成立与生效要件、优化监护开始时间认定等制度规则,构建以意定监护为常态、法定监护为例外的老年人监护制度。Voluntary guardianship system was established in the field of protection of the rights and interests of the elderly.Compared with legal guardianship,it is a system that is more in line with the special needs of the elderly and with the trend of the international view on aging population.Voluntary guardianship covers a variety of conceptions,including conceptions of respect for self-determination,minimal intervention,the best interests and normalization of life,these conceptions are also reflected in China’s current civil guardianship system.Different choices of conceptions determine the final rules of voluntary guardianship system.Different countries have different legal norms and practices in terms of qualification of the subject of guardianship contracts,scopes of guardianship,validity of guardianship contracts,the start-up time of guardianship and guardianship supervision and so on.The elderly voluntary guardianship system appeared relatively late in China,and the existing laws and regulations are relatively rough.Hence there are difficulties,such as incomplete contract establishment and effectiveness,unscientific determination of the start-up time of guardianship,absence of guardianship supervision.China should keep its own conceptions,and at the same time,learn from other countries to improve the rules of voluntary guardianship system,the determination of the start-up time of guardianship,and establish a guardianship system for the elderly in which voluntary guardianship is the norm and statutory guardianship is the exception.

关 键 词：意定监护 成年监护 持续性代理权 自主决定权 

分 类 号：D91[政治法律—法学]