高强度-中密度纳米孔树脂基防隔热复合材料的制备与性能  

Preparation and properties of high strength-medium density nanoporous resin-based ablation/insulation integrated composites

作　　者：钱震 张鸿宇 张琪凯 王锋 王胜 赵坚 牛波 张亚运 龙东辉[1] QIAN Zhen;ZHANG Hongyu;ZHANG Qikai;WANG Feng;WANG Sheng;ZHAO Jian;NIU Bo;ZHANG Yayun;LONG Donghui(School of Chemical Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,China;Beijing Xinfeng Machinery Factory,Beijing 100854,China;Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering,Beijing 100854,China)

机构地区：[1]华东理工大学化工学院,上海200237 [2]北京新风航天装备有限公司,北京100854 [3]北京电子工程总体研究所,北京100854

出　　处：《复合材料学报》2023年第1期83-95,共13页Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(22078100,52102098);上海市青年科技人才扬帆计划(20YF1410600)。

摘　　要：针对新一代航天器长时防隔热-高气动剪切的防热需求,以杂化酚醛树脂为基体、纤维布/纤维网胎逐层针刺结构为增强体,通过溶胶-凝胶工艺,制备出一种中密度-高强度-防隔热一体化的纳米孔树脂基复合材料(IPC-90),系统研究了石英纤维(QF/IPC-90)和碳纤维(CF/IPC-90)对复合材料的微观结构、力学性能、静态隔热和烧蚀性能的影响,探讨了其在低-中-高温度下的烧蚀机制。结果表明:纤维布的引入使IPC-90具有优异的力学性能(拉伸曲强度>120 MPa,弯曲强度>90 MPa);纳米孔基体和纤维网胎的引入使IPC-90在中密度(~0.95 g/cm^(3))下具有较低的热导率(室温热导率依次为0.089 W/(m·K)和0.120 W/(m·K))。在1000℃静态隔热试验中,两种材料均展现了较好的热稳定性和抗氧化性,其等效热导率分别为0.142 W/(m·K)和0.186 W/(m·K)。在2000℃以下氧-丙烷烧蚀试验中,QF/IPC-90和CF/IPC-90的烧蚀主要由基体热解、炭化收缩引起,其1600℃下的线烧蚀率依次为0.0208 mm/s和0.0133 mm/s;在2000℃以上氧-乙炔烧蚀试验中,CF/IPC-90的烧蚀由表面超高温炭化-升华主导,而QF/IPC-90则因石英纤维熔融导致其抗烧蚀性下降较为明显,两者在4.2 MW/m2下的线烧蚀率依次为0.073 mm/s和0.186 mm/s。To meet the extreme thermal protection requirement of new-generation spacecrafts,nanoporous resin composites(IPC-90)with medium-density,high strength and excellent ablation/insulation properties had been prepared via a sol-gel polymerization using phenolic resin as nanoporous matrix and needled fiber fabric as the reinforcement.The effects of fiber type,namely quartz fiber(QF/IPC-90)and carbon fiber(CF/IPC-90)on the microstructure,mechanical properties,static thermal insulation,and ablation properties of the composites were systematically studied.The as-prepared IPC-90 with medium density of~0.95 g/cm^(3) has excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength>120 MPa and bending strength>90 MPa.Due to the introduction of nanopore resin matrix and lightweight fiber felt,the resultant IPC-90 has relatively low room-temperature thermal conductivities(0.089 W/(m·K)for QF/IPC-90 and 0.120 W/(m·K)for CF/IPC-90),as well as low effective thermal conductivities at 1000℃.Furthermore,the possible ablation mechanisms under different temperatures were analyzed.It is found that both QF/IPC-90 and CF/IPC-90 have low linear ablation rates under the oxygen-propane ablation test below 2000℃,which are mainly caused by resin matrix pyrolysis and shrinkage.However,under the oxy-acetylene ablation test above 2000℃,the ablation of CF/IPC-90 is dominated by ultrahigh temperature carbonation-sublimation,while the severe ablation of CF/IPC-90 is caused by the melting of quartz fiber.Under the oxy-acetylene ablation of 4.2 MW/m2,the linear ablation rates of CF/IPC-90 and QF/IPC-90 are 0.073 mm/s and 0.186 mm/s,respectively,being similar to the conventional high-density phenolic composites.

关 键 词：热防护材料 纳米孔基体 树脂基复合材料 石英纤维 防隔热性能 碳纤维 

分 类 号：TB332[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]