儿童青少年“拉长-缩短周期”运动能力增龄性变化及机制  

Mechanisms of the Age-Related Changes on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Ability in Children and Adolescents

作　　者：田俊龙 李志远[2] TIAN Junlong;LI Zhiyuan(Capital University of Physical Education and Sports,Beijing 100191,China;Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]首都体育学院,北京100191 [2]浙江大学,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2022年第12期11-17,共7页China Sport Science and Technology

摘　　要：儿童青少年“拉长-缩短周期”(stretch-shortening cycle,SSC)运动能力受到年龄增长过程中肌肉、肌腱结构以及神经肌肉适应性变化的影响。采用文献资料调研、逻辑分析法,归纳儿童青少年SSC运动发展的肌肉、肌腱结构特点和神经肌肉适应性机制,并概述年龄增长对SSC运动能力产生的影响。研究认为:儿童青少年向成年期转变过程中,肌肉体积、肌纤维长度和肌肉羽状角均有所增加。同时,肌腱的尺寸和力学特性发生变化,从而影响其刚度。随着年龄增长,神经对肌肉的控制能力得到提升,表现为牵张反射活动增强、主动肌和拮抗肌共同收缩减少,以及预激活水平和募集高阶运动单位能力提升。以上变化对SSC运动能力产生了积极的影响。系统性的快速伸缩复合训练和力量训练后,儿童青少年SSC运动能力可以得到改善,其具体机制仍需进一步研究。The stretch-shortening cycle(SSC) ability of children and adolescents is affected by changes in muscle, tendon structure, and neuromuscular adaptations during the aging process.The methods of literature review and logical analysis are used to summarize the structural characteristics of muscles and tendons and the neuromuscular adaptation mechanism of SSC development in children and adolescents, and to outline the effect of aging on the SSC ability. The results show that: during the transition from childhood to adulthood, muscle volume, muscle fiber length, and muscle pennation angle increase. At the same time, the size and mechanical properties of the tendon change, which affects its stiffness. With the growth of age, children’s neural control of muscles improves, which is manifested in the enhancement of stretch reflex activity,the reduction of co-contraction of active and antagonistic muscles, and the improvement of preactivation level and the ability to recruit high-threshold motor units. The above changes have a positive impact on SSC ability. The SSC ability of children and adolescents can be improved after systematic plyometric and resistance training, and the specific mechanism of improvement still needs further research.

关 键 词：拉长-缩短周期 儿童青少年 年龄 神经肌肉 快速伸缩复合训练 

分 类 号：G804.2[文化科学—运动人体科学]