大型体育赛事危机源头治理——基于奥运公共卫生危机的经验与启示  

Risk Source Governance of Mega Sports Events——Based on Public Health Risk in Olympic Games

作　　者：姚芳虹 钱俊伟[1,2] 王东敏[1,2] YAO Fanghong;QIAN Junwei;WANG Dongmin(Department of PE,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;National Sport Industry Research Base,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学体育教研部,北京100871 [2]北京大学国家体育产业研究基地,北京100871

出　　处：《体育与科学》2023年第1期78-86,共9页Sports & Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“2022北京冬奥会危机管理研究”,项目号:19ATY005;教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“我国体育产业高质量发展研究”,项目号:19JZD016。

摘　　要：公共卫生危机仍是大型体育赛事的长期伴生因素,提高危机事件早发现能力是有效治理危机源头的关键所在,提升赛事公共卫生危机治理能力是我国体育治理能力和治理体系现代化的应有之义。以脆弱性理论为指导,以BBC模型为分析工具,建立大型体育赛事脆弱性分析和危机源头治理框架,大型体育赛事内在脆弱性表现为暴露性、敏感性、适应性,其外在危险源来自孕灾环境中的自然系统、社会系统、管理系统、技术系统四个层面,当外源致灾因子超过系统的脆弱性阈值时,突发公共卫生事件随之产生。奥运公共卫生危机是指影响和危及奥运赛事系统的公共卫生危机状态和突发公共卫生事件,奥运会脆弱性属性要求对危险源进行源头治理,以北京冬奥会、东京奥运会为例,分析这两届在疫情下举办的国际性大型体育赛事的系统脆弱性、公共卫生危机源头及源头治理举措。从两届奥运会案例中得到公共卫生危机源头治理启示:降低暴露程度,提升系统韧性是减控体育赛事公共卫生危机的重要措施。可从危机源四个层面构建大型体育赛事公共卫生危机减控路径,为未来举办大型体育赛事提供具有中国特色的公共卫生危机源头治理方案。The public health risk is still a long-term concomitant of mega sports events,and improving the ability to detect major outbreaks early is the key to effective risk source management,and the ability to manage public health risks is a proper part of the modernization of China’s sports governance capacity and governance system.Guided by the vulnerability theory and using the BBC model as the analysis tool,a framework for vulnerability analysis and risk source governance of mega sports events is established.Its internal vulnerability is characterized by exposure,susceptibility and capacity.Its external risks come from the natural system,social system,management system and technical system in the hazard prone environment.When the external risk factors exceed the vulnerability threshold of the system,public health emergencies will follow.The public health crisis of the Olympic Games refers to the public health risks and emergencies that endanger the Olympic event system.The vulnerability attribute of the Olympic Games requires that the danger be controlled at the beginning stage.Taking the Beijing Winter Olympic Games and the Tokyo Olympic Games as example cases,we analyze the system vulnerability,the source of public health risks and the source governance measures of these two typical international mega sports events held under the COVID-19 pandemic.After the case analysis,it was found that reducing exposure and improving system resilience are important measures to reduce and control public health risks at mega sports events.The pathway of public health risk reduction and control for mega sports events can be constructed from the four levels of risk sources,and provide a Chinese characteristic public health risk source governance plan.

关 键 词：大型体育赛事 脆弱性 公共卫生危机 源头治理 健康遗产 

分 类 号：G80-05[文化科学—运动人体科学]