达斡尔族在蒙古语族人群演化中的地位  

Early position of the Daur language branch in the Mongolian language group

作　　者：沙仁高娃[1] 程慧珍 韦兰海 SHAREN Gaowa;CHENG Huizhen;WEI Lanhai(School of Sociology and Anthropology,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005;School of Ethnology and Anthropology,Inner Mongolia Normal University,Hohhot 021002)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学社会与人类学院,厦门361005 [2]内蒙古师范大学民族学人类学学院,呼和浩特010022

出　　处：《人类学学报》2022年第6期1037-1046,共10页Acta Anthropologica Sinica

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金一般项目“东北亚地区语言演化及其与人群混合历史的相关性研究”(20BYY195)。

摘　　要：在语言学研究建立的蒙古语族的多种分化谱系树中,达斡尔语均独立构成一个语言分支或语组。此前的研究表明,达斡尔语中保留了一部分13世纪蒙古语的要素。本文以遗传学数据为基础,结合历史学、民族学和语言学等学科的证据,详细地描述了蒙古语人群始祖群体的演化历史背景,并为蒙古语族语言早期分化、达斡尔语作为独立分支诞生的过程提供了较为准确的演化时间框架。父系支系M401是蒙古语人群的奠基者父系之一,达斡尔族的主要父系F5483是M401的最古老分支之一,其他蒙古语人群的M401主要集中在另一个分支F3796,两个分支的分化年代约为2.9千年前。历史学、民族学和语言学的研究也证明了公元9世纪之后迁徙到欧亚草原上的蒙古语人群与继续保留采集渔猎生活方式的亲族之间的分化。我们认为,从多学科研究所揭示的人类群体演化历史的角度看,达斡尔族确实可视为全体蒙古语人群的最古老分支。According to previous linguistic work, the Daur language was categorized as a separate language or cluster in nearly all classifications of the larger Mongolic language group. Previous studies showed that many elements of the ancient Mongolic language in the 13th century are found in the modern Daur language. Here, based on evidence from genetics, history, ethnology, and linguistics, we explored the evolutionary history of the ancestral group of Mongol-speaking populations and provided an accurate timeframe for the early differentiation of Mongolic languages and the emergence of the Daur language as a separate branch. Y-chromosome lineage M401 is one of the paternal founding lineages of all Mongolic-speaking populations. The dominant paternal lineage of Daur, F5483, was one of the oldest sub-branches of M401, while most of the M401 individuals from other Mongolic-speaking populations belong to another lineage, the F3796 or other major sub-branch of M401. These two sub-branches differentiated at about 2,900 years ago. Studies of history, ethnology, and linguistics also revealed a permanent separation between Mongolic tribes who dispersed across the eastern Eurasian steppe and their relatives who remained as hunter-gatherers in the forest since the 9th century. In terms of demographic history, Daur is indeed the oldest branch of all Mongolic-speaking populations. We suggested that the multidisciplinary evidence, especially that of biological anthropology, supports the early branching of the Daur language from the Mongolic language group.

关 键 词：语言 生物人类学 智人 蒙古 达斡尔语 

分 类 号：Q987[生物学—遗传学]