陀思妥耶夫斯基“人”的哲学的主要原则  

The Main Principle of F. Dostoevsky’s Philosophy of Man

作　　者： 刘娜(译) I.Evlampiev;Liu Na

机构地区：[1]圣彼得堡大学哲学系 [2]天津师范大学外国语学院 [3]首都师范大学外国语言文学博士后流动站

出　　处：《俄罗斯文艺》2023年第1期75-87,共13页Russian Literature & Arts

基　　金：天津市哲学社会科学规划项目“马克思主义语境中的陀思妥耶夫斯基阐释研究”(TJWWQN20-002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：受米哈伊尔·巴赫金思想的影响,有研究者指出,陀思妥耶夫斯基的哲学思想不构成一个完整的体系。与此相反,本文认为,陀思妥耶夫斯基试图通过他的创作表达一套关于“人”的完整的哲学思想。基于对作家的文学作品和政论文的分析,本文提出以下假设:陀思妥耶夫斯基认为,存在一种“高级类型”的人,他们具有“神秘”的能力去影响他人和周围的世界,正是他们决定了历史的进程。这类人的优越性与他们实力或权力无关,恰恰相反,按照大众的理解,他们通常都是一些不正常的人。研究表明,陀思妥耶夫斯基的这一原则与他将世界理解成一种梦境有关。而陀思妥耶夫斯基早期创作中的“梦想家”主人公展示了个性正常发展的第一阶段,接下来,“梦想家”会成长为“神秘主义者”,即“高级类型”的人。《一个荒唐人的梦》的主人公就属于这一类型,他曾到访“另一个世界”并得知,人死后还会以类似尘世生命的形式继续存在。本文将陀思妥耶夫斯基的以上思想与尼采和海德格尔的“永恒回归”思想进行比较。In the literature on Dostoevsky influenced by the ideas ofMikhail Bakhtin the beliefis were dominant that the Dostoevsky’s philosophical ideas don’t form an integrated system. In contrast, this article argues that Dostoevsky in his creativity was trying to express a coherent philosophy of man. Based on the analysis of literary works and journalism of the writer the hypothesis suggests that the main principle of Dostoevsky’s worldview is the idea that there exist people who have “mystical” ability to directly affect other people and the world around;Dostoevsky calls these people “supreme types”, and they determine the course of history. Their superiority is not related to the strength or power;on the contrary, they are abnormal in the general opinion and victimized. It is shown that this principle by Dostoevsky is related to his representation of the world as a dream. And the heroes-dreamers of Dostoevsky’s early works demonstrate the first stage of the proper development of the individual, and the result of this development is the turning of a dreamer into a mystic., i.e. into “supreme type”. It is proved that the hero of the story The Dream of a Ridiculous Man belongs to such a type,who visited the “other world” and learned that life goes on after death in a form similar to life on earth. The subsequent influence of these ideas of Dostoevsky’s is analyzed and it is shown that his idea of immortality may be associated with the idea of eternal return in Nietzsche’s and Heidegger’s philosophy.

关 键 词：陀思妥耶夫斯基“人”的哲学 “高级类型”的人 灵魂不死 “世俗”的宗教信仰 永恒回归的思想 尼采和海德格尔的哲学 

分 类 号：I512.074[文学—其他各国文学]