明长城军事聚落地理景观模式  

Geographical Landscape Model of Military Settlements Along the Ming Great Wall

作　　者：李严[1,2] 尚筱玥 周雅琴 LI Yan;SHANG Xiaoyue;ZHOU Yaqin(School of Architecture,Tianjin University;Key Laboratory of Information Technology for Architectural Culture Inheritance,Ministry of Culture and Tourism(Tianjin University);Tianjin University Living Heritage Protection and Digital Technology Research Center)

机构地区：[1]天津大学建筑学院 [2]天津大学建筑文化遗产传承信息技术文化和旅游部重点实验室 [3]天津大学活态遗产保护与数字化技术研究中心

出　　处：《风景园林》2023年第2期97-104,共8页Landscape Architecture

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“长城国家文化公园价值研究与数字再现”(编号21AZD055)。

摘　　要：【目的】长城是中国古代伟大的军事工程,不同地段的地形特征与人工修筑的工事巧妙融合,形成独特的地理景观。为揭示古人营建思想与选址智慧,剖析长城军事地理蕴含的文化内涵。【方法】系统梳理古代9部描述“形胜”和“冲缓”的代表性著作,梳理出“极冲”“最冲”“次冲”“又次冲”“冲”“稍缓”“缓”7种军事地理类型,以其中3部著作中的4种军事地理类型为样本,利用ArcGIS软件,分析军堡与长城边墙的距离、与水系的距离、高程、坡度、起伏度,解释冲缓等级的地形特征。【结果】发现离边墙越远,军堡“冲缓”等级越低,规模越大;交通通道越窄,敌军同时通过的人数越少,军堡“冲缓”等级越低。【结论】揭示了古人从全局视角进行九边重镇规划布局的形胜智慧,以及从微观视角的“因地形用险制塞”的选址智慧,为长城价值研究和国家文化公园展示策略提供借鉴。[Objective]The Great Wall is a great military project in ancient China.The topographical characteristics in different sections of the Great Wall are skillfully integrated with the artificial fortifications nearby to form a unique geographical landscape.In this research,the geographical landscape of military settlements along the Ming Great Wall is specified as the Great Wall military settlement landscape with an ideal geographical situation based on the cognitive results of military hierarchy and natural geographical environment.The sitings of the Great Wall and nearby military settlements are determined in combination with military and physical geography.At the macro level,the control of agricultural land resources and the occupation of precipitous mountain areas influences the location of the Great Wall;at the micro level,the control of significant water and land routes influence the location of military settlements.[Methods]From a macroscopic perspective,the ancients used the term“Xing Sheng”(“favorable geographical position”)to describe the characteristics of the geographical environment and the importance of military status on a large scale.From a microscopic perspective,the terms“Chong”(“critical”)and“Huan”(“noncritical”)were used by the ancients to describe the marching speed,and to distinguish the strategic importance and access difficulty in military geography and the smoothness in the passage of enemy troops.In order to reveal the ancients’wisdom in construction and site selection,and to analyze the Great Wall’s military geography and cultural connotation,this research,based on the historical data about the military settlements along the Great Wall in terms of“Xing Sheng”and“Chong Huan”,reviews in detail the“nine towns”described in relevant historical records and annals in Ming Dynasty,and has military hierarchy and military geography skillfully integrated through the microscopic concepts of“Chong”and“Huan”.In addition,this research selects a number of rep

关 键 词：地理景观 军事聚落 空间模式 明长城 “形胜” 

分 类 号：TU986[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]