后习俗伦理与科尔伯格道德意识发展理论遭遇的挑战  

The Challenges of Post-conventional Ethics and Kohlberg’s Theory of the Development of Moral Consciousness

作　　者：罗亚玲[1] LUO Yaling(School of Philosophy,Fudan University)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《当代中国价值观研究》2022年第5期5-15,共11页Chinese Journal of Contemporary Values

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“责任伦理视角下的康德道德哲学研究”(20BZ092)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：由哈贝马斯和阿佩尔从科尔伯格道德意识发展理论中借用而来的后习俗伦理概念,正凭借其非凡的阐释力成为规范伦理学中具有范式表征意义的重要概念。但该概念也经常因其与科尔伯格道德意识发展理论之间的渊源而受到人们的质疑,因为后者自其产生以来遭遇了诸多挑战。基于对规范伦理学和道德心理之关系的反思,以及对哈贝马斯和阿佩尔引入后习俗道德概念并发展后习俗责任伦理思想的历程的回顾可以得出,道德心理学和规范伦理学不能相互还原,两者也不具有同构性,而是相互支持和修正的关系。因此,后习俗伦理的概念虽然源于科尔伯格的道德意识发展理论,但后者遭遇的种种挑战不会动摇其理念。The concept of post-conventional ethics,borrowed by Habermas and Apel from Kohlberg’s theory of the development of moral consciousness,is becoming an important concept of paradigmatic representation in normative ethics with its extraordinary explanatory power.But the concept has also often been questioned for its origins with Kohlberg’s theory of the development of moral consciousness,which has encountered many challenges,including Carol Gilligan’s one-sided critique of Kohlberg’s theory based on a female perspective,Paul Bloom’s new discoveries in moral psychology that rewrite the specific conclusions of Kohlberg’s stage theory of the development of moral consciousness,and Jonathan Haidt’s research that rejects the idea of rational constructivism implied in his theory.This article attempts to examine whether these challenges may affect the idea of post-conventional ethics on a meta-ethical level.It begins by acknowledging that these new studies constitute a revision or even a rejection of Kohlberg’s theory of the development of moral consciousness.But based on a reflection on the relationship between normative ethics and moral psychology and a review of the journey of Habermas and Apel in introducing the concept of post-conventional ethics and developing of the idea of post-conventional ethics of responsibility,the article points out that moral psychology and normative ethics are not reducible to each other,nor are they isomorphic,but are mutually supportive and corrective,and therefore,although the concept of post-conventional ethics originates from Kohlberg’s theory of moral consciousness development,the challenges that the latter encountered do not shake the ground of post-conventional ethics.

关 键 词：后习俗伦理 道德意识发展理论 科尔伯格 哈贝马斯 阿佩尔 

分 类 号：B018[哲学宗教—哲学理论]