进入妨害环境侵权的责任分配  

Legal Problems of Compensation for Coming to the Nuisance

作　　者：冯令泽南 Feng Lingzenan

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《地方立法研究》2023年第1期92-106,共15页Local Legislation Journal

摘　　要：与传统环境侵权不同,在进入妨害环境侵权问题中,污染区域合法存续在前,受害人进入污染区域在后,受害人应对损害结果负主要责任。然而在现行法律框架下,环境污染致人损害的侵权责任大部分由排污者承担,这不仅在理论层面背离了多元利益衡平的归责理念,也在实践层面诱发了受害人故意制造损害以谋取利益的案例。在高质量发展的新形势下,进入妨害环境侵权的责任分配规则应当作出如下修正:避免进入污染区域的注意义务应当由受害人负担,对注意义务的违反会引发受害人过错;过失相抵原则适用于无过错责任,受害人据此承担与其过错程度相适应的环境侵权责任;将进入妨害环境侵权中的受害人过错类型化,建立数据化、标准化的责任分配方式。Different from the traditional environmental tort,in the scenario of coming to the nuisance,the polluted area legally exists before the victim enters the polluted area,and the victim should be mainly responsible for the damage result.However,in the current legal system on environment tort,most of the responsibilities must be borne by polluters.Responsibility allocation like this leads to a dual dilemma between theoretical design and social practice.On the one hand,public interests,ecological interests and the interests of the parties should all be manifested in environmental liability,and the interests in victim should not be unfairly emphasized.On the other hand,there have been cases of victim deliberately coming to the nuisance and demanding compensation from enterprises.Under the new era of high-quality development,in order to optimize the responsibility allocation system for coming to the nuisance,firstly,the duty of care to avoid entering the polluted area should be borne by the victim,and the violation of such duty constitutes the fault of the victim.Secondly,the principle of comparative fault can be applied to the no-fault liability system,and the victim shall bear the environmental tort liability corresponding to his fault degree.Finally,it is desirable to carry out an analysis on the typological basis of the victim and establish a data-oriented and standardized responsibility distribution-relief system.

关 键 词：进入妨害 环境侵权 受害人过错 过失相抵 注意义务 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.68[政治法律—法学]