中国中低海拔地区三类强对流天气环境条件的基本气候特征  

Baseline Climatology of Environmental Parameters for Three Severe Convective Weather Phenomena over Middle-Low Areas of China

作　　者：田付友 张小玲 曹艳察 孙建华[2] 郑永光 杨新林 韩旭卿 麦子 TIAN Fuyou;ZHANG Xiaoling;CAO Yancha;SUN Jianhua;ZHENG Yongguang;YANG Xinlin;HAN Xuqing;MAI Zi(National Meteorological Center,Beijing 100081,China;Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100029,China)

机构地区：[1]国家气象中心,北京100081 [2]中国科学院大气物理研究所云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室,北京100029

出　　处：《高原气象》2022年第6期1446-1459,共14页Plateau Meteorology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1502003,2018YFC1507504);国家自然科学基金联合基金研究项目(U214202)。

摘　　要：短时强降水、雷暴大风、冰雹等不同类型强对流天气的预报预警准确性亟待提高,对不同类型强对流天气环境特征异同的准确了解是提供准确预报预警的基础。本研究针对我国海拔低于2500 m地区超过20 mm·h^(-1)的短时强降水、最大阵风风力大于17.2 m·s^(-1)的对流性大风和直径大于5 mm的冰雹三类强对流天气,基于2002-2010年4-9月小时降水和冰雹实况、2010-2014年4-9月的雷暴大风实况及2002-2014年4-9月的1°×1°NCEP FNL(National Center for Environmental Prediction,Global Final Analysis)资料,以NCEP FNL一天4次的时刻(02:00、08:00、14:00、20:00,北京时)为中心,通过时空匹配处理,对三类强对流天气的绝对水汽含量、相对水汽含量、静力稳定度参数、低层抬升触发与垂直风切变条件、特性层高度及部分物理量的联合分布等环境气候特征进行了研究。结果表明,华南是短时强降水的高发区域,华北中北部和华南南部是雷暴大风的两个高发区域,华北中北部是冰雹的高发区域。短时强降水主要集中在夏季,雷暴大风在夏初和夏末各有一个峰值,冰雹主要在春末夏初。短时强降水整层温度露点差小所体现的相对湿度大的特征明显,雷暴大风和冰雹低层温度露点差大的特征明显。三类强对流天气的大气水汽含量(total precipitable water,PWAT)、相对湿度、垂直温度递减率和零度层高度(height of 0℃temperature above the sea surface,Z0)差异显著。三类强对流天气的PWAT中值分别为56.0 mm、33.4 mm和22.2 mm。短时强降水的主要PWAT区间为50.4~63.4 mm,雷暴大风为19.5~49.8 mm,冰雹为13.9~28.1 mm。当PWAT超过42.3 mm时几乎不会出现冰雹。短时强降水与雷暴大风和冰雹的环境相对湿度均有一定的区分度。热力表征量中850 hPa和500 hPa温差(TD85)及温度递减率(TLR85)对三类强对流天气的区分能力更为显著,短时强降水多出现在TLR85小于5.5℃的湿绝�Accurate forecasting and warning of the short-duration heavy rainfall,thunderstorm-induced strong wind,and hail support the decision making in targeted preventative measures.A full understanding of the environmental characteristics and difference of classified convective weather phenomena forms the necessary basis of accurate forecasting and warning.The hourly rainfall greater than 20 mm·h^(-1),thunderstorm-induced wind greater than 17.2 m·s^(-1),and the hail with maximum diameter greater than 5 mm are defined as short-duration heavy rainfall,thunderstorm wind,and hail in the operational severe convective weather forecast of National Meteorological Center(NMC).The hourly precipitation and hail data from 2002 to 2010,hourly thunderstorm wind data from 2010 to 2014 over regions of China with the terrain height lower than 2500 m above mean sea level,and NCEP FNL(National Center for Environmental Prediction,Global Final Analysis)data with spatial resolution1°×1°and temporal resolution of 6-hour from 2002 to 2014 during the warm seasons from April and September are collected to analyzed the features of and to categorized these three phenomena.Spatial and temporal matching processes are applied by considering the difference in spatial and temporal resolution.Values of parameters at stations obtained through a bilinear interpolation method.The environmental climatology of parameters representing the environmental moisture content,water vapor saturation,instability conditions,low-level triggering conditions,height of characteristic temperature layer,and the density of scatter plots of parameters are investigated.Results show that Southern China is hot spot for short-duration heavy rainfall.There are two high frequency regions for thunderstorm wind that locates at Southern China and central north of Northern China,separately.The central north of Northern China also has the highest frequency of hail.For the annual cycle,short-duration heavy rainfall mainly occurs during the summer seasons.There are also two peaks of t

关 键 词：环境条件 短时强降水 冰雹 雷暴大风 气候特征 

分 类 号：P458.2[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]