材、斗、椽中距与标准材——中国古建筑设计模数探讨  

Cai,Dou,Rafter Intervals,and Standard Units:Modular System in Chinese Ancient Architectural Design

作　　者：程建军[1] 陈丹[2] Cheng Jianjun;Chen Dan(the Department of Architecture and State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510064;the School of Architecture and Urban Planning,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou 510075)

机构地区：[1]华南理工大学建筑学院、亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室,广州510064 [2]广东工业大学建筑与城市规划学院,广州510075

出　　处：《建筑遗产》2022年第3期45-55,共11页Heritage Architecture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(52108007);广东省社科规划项目(GD21YYS04)。

摘　　要：《营造法式》“以材为祖”的八等材材份制模数与建筑空间尺度的关系,是学界持续讨论却未能明晰的重要问题之一,对其中与材份制密切关联的“倍斗取长”模数亦有待深入探析。文章将对《营造法式》《工程做法》《营造法原》等文献的研究与建筑实物的尺度分析相结合,梳理材份、斗长、营造尺和建筑平面尺度的相互关系,提出标准材尺度是中国古建筑空间尺度的基本模数,这种模数设计方法可能在唐代已经成熟,中国与日本木构建筑设计模数与之有着密切的关联。A crucial issue constantly discussed in Chinese architectural history has been the correlation between the eight grades of cai(length unit) in the standard cai-fen(standard units of measurement)modular system stipulated in Yingzao Fashi(Treatise on Architectural Methods,hereafter,Fashi) and the spatial dimensions of buildings.However,a consensus has yet to be reached so far.Notably,one of the design methods written in Fashi,namely determining buildings’ spatial dimensions by multiplying the length of dou(bearing block),deserves further scrutiny.This article elucidates the interrelations between the cai-fen,douchang(length of the bearing blocks),yingzaochi(measurement unit of standard construction),and the dimensions of building floor plans through combining archival research of Chinese classical architecture treatises,including Fashi,Yingzao Fayuan(Basic Rules for Building) and Qinggongbu Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli(Construction Methods and Regulations of Qing Dynasty’s Ministry of Works),and analysing the measurements of surviving pre-modern timber structures.It demonstrates that the height and width of the standard unit are the two fundamental modular units for the spatial dimensions of ancient Chinese architecture.This modular system was probably established and matured no later than Tang Dynasty(618–907 CE).Moreover,there are close relationships between this standard modular system and the historic construction systems in China and Japan.

关 键 词：材份 倍斗 椽中距 标准材 模数制 

分 类 号：TU203[建筑科学—建筑设计及理论] TU-092