综合农艺措施实现东北玉米生产和环境效益及土壤肥力的同步提升  

Integrated agronomic measures increase maize production,environmental efficiency,and soil fertility in Northeast China

作　　者：曹玉军[1] 姚凡云[1] 吕艳杰[1] 魏雯雯[1] 刘小丹[1] 刘志铭[1] 徐文华 梁杰 王立春[1,2] 王永军 CAO Yu-jun;YAO Fan-yun;LÜYan-jie;WEI Wen-wen;LIU Xiao-dan;LIU Zhi-ming;XU Wen-hua;LIANG Jie;WANG Li-chun;WANG Yong-jun(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in the Northeastern,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Changchun,Jilin 130033,China;College of Agronomy,Jilin Agricultural University,Changchun,Jilin 130118,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,吉林长春130033 [2]吉林农业大学农学院,吉林长春130118

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第1期18-30,共13页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家玉米产业技术体系岗位专家(CARS-02-19);吉林省青年成长科技计划(20210508017RQ);国家重点研究发展计划(2016YFD0300103)。

摘　　要：【目的】东北春玉米生产中普遍存在种植密度偏低、肥料施用不合理、耕层质量差等问题,严重制约了玉米持续增产及养分效率的提升。研究综合农艺措施下玉米产量、植株氮素吸收与利用及土壤氮素平衡,为春玉米高效生产提供参考依据。【方法】2017—2019年,以玉米品种‘富民108’为供试材料,在吉林省农安县进行田间试验。整合密度、耕作方式、氮素施用量和施用时期等技术要素,设置了高产高效模式(HH)和超高产模式(SH),同时设置农户模式(FP)和基础地力模式(CK)作为对照;为计算肥料利用率及土壤氮素平衡,在FP、HH和SH模式下各自增设不施氮肥空白处理。在玉米6个生育期,取植株样品测定氮素含量和吸收量,同时取0—40 cm土壤样品测定铵态氮和硝态氮含量。在成熟期考种、测产。【结果】3年试验玉米籽粒产量均表现为SH>HH>FP(P<0.05),SH比HH、FP处理平均提高了8.76%、20.16%。氮素偏生产力(PFPN)3年均以HH处理最高,SH处理最低,HH比FP、SH处理平均分别提高37.92%、45.65%;氮素农学效率(AEN)和氮素回收效率(REN)均表现为HH>SH>FP,HH处理的AEN和REN分别比SH、FP处理提高了21.21%、35.72%和9.69%、63.56%。植株氮积累量在苗期至拔节期FP、HH、SH处理间无显著差异。生殖生长阶段(R1至R6)植株氮素积累量占氮素总积累量的比例为SH(36.21%)>HH(34.60%)>FP(29.75%)>CK(26.33%)。籽粒氮素积累量来自花后吸收的比例随着产量的增加而提高,SH、HH、FP、CK处理花后氮素吸收量的贡献率分别为48.43%、44.78%、40.40%、35.39%。0—20 cm、20—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量在玉米开花期前均以FP处理最高,而开花期到成熟期以SH处理最高,与FP、HH处理相比,SH处理的0—20 cm土层土壤无机氮含量平均分别提高了12.00%、4.05%,20—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量分别提高了14.81%、4.93%。HH处理氮素表观损失量显著低于FP和SH处理,而土壤�【Objectives】We proposed and tested an integrated measurement for efficient spring maize production considering planting density,fertilizer application rate and time in northeast China.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted for three years,from 2017 to 2019,in Nong’an County,Jilin Province,using spring cultivar Fumin 108 as the experimental material.The treatments included no fertilizer(CK)and local farmers’mode as the control(FP),high-yield and high-efficiency model(HH),and super-high-yield model(SH).We set up an extra no-nitrogen fertilizer treatment in all FP,HH,and SH to calculate fertilizer utilization rate and soil nitrogen balance.Plant samples were collected at the main 6 growing stages of maize to determine N content and uptake;0–40 cm soil samples were collected to determine NH4+-N and NO3–-N.We investigated maize yield at harvest.【Results】Maize grain yield was in the order SH>HH>FP>CK.SH’s maize yield was 8.76%,20.16%,and 106.91%higher than HH,FP,and CK,respectively.HH produced the highest nitrogen partial productivity,which was 37.92%and 45.65%higher than FP and SH.Similarly,HH recorded the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency(AEN)and nitrogen recovery efficiency(REN),which were 21.21%and 35.72%(AEN)and 9.69%and 63.56%(REN)higher than SH and FP,respectively.There was no significant difference(P>0.05)in plant N accumulation among FP,HH,and SH from V3–V6.However,the total rate of accumulated N in the reproductive growth stage(R1 to R6)was in the order SH(36.21%)>HH(34.60%)>FP(29.75%)>CK(26.33%).The proportion of grain N accumulation absorbed post-silking increased with yield increase,and the contribution rates of SH,HH,FP and CK were 48.43%,44.78%,40.40%and 35.39%,respectively.FP had the highest mineral N content in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers before silking,and SH had the highest from silking to maturity.SH had 12.00%and 4.05%(0–20 cm),and 14.81%and 4.93%(20–40 cm)higher mineral N content than FP and HH.HH had(P<0.05)lower apparent N loss than FP and SH,while FP

关 键 词：春玉米 综合农艺措施 氮素效率 产量 土壤氮损失 氮素平衡 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]