古巴对非洲地区的外交政策选择与成效——基于小国外交的分析视角  

Cuba’s Foreign Policy Choices and Achievements in Africa:An Analysis Based on the Diplomacy of Small States

作　　者：韩晗[1,2] Han Han

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所区域合作研究室 [2]中国社会科学院古巴研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2022年第6期117-130,157,158,共16页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金项目“内生及外源性危机对拉美国家的影响及其应对机制研究”(编号:20BGJ073);中国社会科学院创新研究项目“‘一带一路’与中拉互联互通研究”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：古巴在成就“小国大外交”的进程中,与非洲的关系提供了重要的支点性作用。国际关系理论中的小国外交视角,能部分阐释古巴对非洲的外交实践。同时,古巴的诸多务实政策选择超越了既有分析框架中对小国权力关系的认知局限。古巴对非政策在历史和现实逻辑中不断更新。面对国内经济困难和外部大国封锁的双重压力,古巴最终形成了具有本国特点的小国外交。历经革命与争取独立的非常规外交、医疗合作以及多元外交的递进式发展,古巴外交从立足于输出革命理想,逐步向构建积极国家形象的大外交方向发展。现实层面,古非关系成为南南合作中具有代表性的外交关系,也成就了古巴的国际“医疗影响力”。理论层面,作为国际关系体系中的非典型小国,古巴以发展中国家身份向非洲输出制度的外交实践,打破了只有发达国家才能对外输出制度的固有认知,挑战了发达国家主导的不平等的国际旧秩序。新时期,古非关系面临双方经济与发展需求趋同、合作匹配度不高、美古关系变化等诸多内外挑战,维持并扩大现有合作成果是古、非双方的诉求,也是进一步扩大合作领域与影响的前提。未来,古非关系或将为小国及发展中国家的关系权力发展理论贡献新的实践经验。Cuba-Africa relations have been playing important role in Cuba’ s “ small country,big diplomacy ” achievements.The small-country diplomatic theory in international relations partly explains Cuba’ s diplomatic practice with Africa.Cuba’ s strategy towards Africa is a response in historical and real circumstances.Facing the dual pressure of domestic economic difficulties and the blockade of external powers,Cuba succeeded in overcoming the pressure and put forward a Cuban-style diplomacy.Having been through the revolution and war,and with the progress in medical assistance and pluralistic diplomacy,Cuba has gradually developed a diplomacy aiming at building a positive national image.In reality,Cuba-Africa relations have become representative in South-South cooperation,and have contributed to Cuba’ s “medical influence” in the international community.At the theoretical level,as an atypical small developing country,Cuba,with the diplomatic strategy of transferring its institutional experience towards Africa,has been a powerful challenge to the solidified cognition that only developed countries can export their institutional experience,and has been a heavy blow to the international order where developed countries are dominant.In the new era,CubaAfrica relations are confronted with many internal and external challenges,especially the low degree of matching between the economic and development demands of both sides,as well as the changes in U.S.-Cuba relations.

关 键 词：国际关系 外交政策 古巴—非洲国家关系 医疗外交 小国外交 

分 类 号：K14[历史地理—历史学]