极端环境下的生物节律  

Circadian Rhythm under Extreme Conditions

作　　者：虞子青 张二荃 YU Zi-Qing;ZHANG Er-Quan(National Institute of Biological Sciences)

机构地区：[1]北京生命科学研究所

出　　处：《中国生物化学与分子生物学报》2023年第1期1-15,共15页Chinese Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

基　　金：国家科技创新2030重大专项脑科学与脑启发技术的支持(No.2021ZD0203400)。

摘　　要：生物节律是生物为了适应地球自转产生的昼夜交替而进化出的生命活动调节机制。从植物的光合作用和叶片开合,到哺乳动物的睡眠、觉醒、进食、代谢、激素分泌和体温变化等,都受到生物节律的调节。一般认为,内源性的节律较为稳定,并且具有温度补偿效应。中枢节律由外界光照条件所同步化;外周组织的节律如何受中枢调控,也受到机体自身代谢反馈的影响。然而,在某些极端环境下,例如长期处于极昼极夜的两极地区、氧气含量低且气温变化无常的高原地区、干旱且气温变化范围极大的沙漠地区、常年不见阳光的深海和完全脱离地球自然环境和重力的太空,除了光照之外的其他环境因素也会对整个机体的节律产生影响;长期在这些极端环境下生存的生物也由于自然选择,进化出了相关基因的多态性以及独特的节律表型。本综述将讨论光照、低氧环境和温度影响生物节律的分子机制,并总结对于两极、高原、沙漠地区,以及深海、太空中动物的生物节律在个体和分子层面上的研究。这些研究或许可以帮助更好地理解生物体如何适应极端环境,为需要在极端环境下开展工作的人们如何调整作息状态提供一定的参考。Circadian clock is a mechanism that organisms evolved to adapt to the day-night alteration caused by the 24-hour-period of earth self-rotation.From photosynthesis and leaf opening-closing of plants to sleep-wake,feeding,metabolism,hormone secretion,and body temperature fluctuation of mammalians,are all under control of the circadian clock.Generally,endogenous rhythm is relatively stable and has the temperature compensation effects.Central clock is synchronized by external light conditions,and the rhythms of peripheral tissues are affected by the metabolism of the body’s own feedback.However,in certain extreme circumstances,such as the polar regions where constant darkness or light maintains for months,the plateaus where oxygen content is low and the temperature changes dramatically throughout the day,arid desert areas with a wide range of temperature variations between day and night,lightless deep-sea,and even the space far away from the Earth,other environmental factors besides light can also affect the circadian clock of the organisms.In this review,we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which light,hypoxia and temperature influence circadian clock,and summarize the effects of light,oxygen and temperature on circadian clock in the polar,plateau,desert,deep-sea,and space at individual and molecular level.These studies may help us to a better understanding on how organisms adapt to extreme environments,and provide more information for people who need to work in extreme environments to adjust their sleep and physical states.

关 键 词：生物节律 极端环境 自然选择 

分 类 号：Q33[生物学—遗传学]