南宋道学的政治理论与实践——从真德秀与张忠恕的冲突与“和解”出发  

The Political Theory and Practice of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty:The Conflict and “Compromise” Between Zhen Dexiu and Zhang Zhongshu

作　　者：方诚峰[1] Fang Chengfeng(Department of History,School of Humanities,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院历史系,北京100084

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第1期112-125,共14页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“宋王朝形态研究”(项目编号:20BZS044)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：道学思想对南宋从朝中到地方政治的影响是个有待深入开展的课题。南宋宁宗嘉定八年(1215)前后,道学传人真德秀与张忠恕在江东路发生了激烈矛盾,焦点是赈灾、地方赋税问题。理宗宝庆元年(1225)二人同在临安任官时,又在丧礼、人伦、帝王之学、收召名流等问题上立场高度一致,甚至可能因此和解。他们的矛盾与和同,可以从道学政治理论的两截来理解。所谓两截,一截是修身以成“先觉”,另一截是“絜矩”(政事)以实现“天下平”。前者落实在朝廷中,就是所谓“正君”;后者落实在地方治理中,就是合理与公正的赋役以保障民众的财用。真德秀和张忠恕在“正君”问题上取得了高度一致,而在“絜矩”层面产生了分化与矛盾。“一贯”的、内部自洽的道学思想体系可在朝中、地方衍生出不同乃至矛盾的实践方式。The impact of Neo-Confucianism(道学)on the imperial court and the local politics during the Southern Song Dynasty is yet to be explored in depth.Around the 8^(th) year of Jiading during the reign of the Emperor Ningzong of the Southern Song Dynasty(南宋宁宗嘉定八年,1215),Zhen Dexiu(真德秀)and Zhang Zhongshu(张忠恕),both of whom were Neo-Confucianist followers,entered into a fierce conflict over the issues of disaster relief and local taxation in the area east of the Yangtze River(江东).However in the first year of Baoqing during the reign of the Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty(理宗宝庆元年,1225),when they both served as officials in Lin'an(临安),they showed high consensus on such issues as funeral rites,human relations,imperial learning,and selection of renowned scholars,and even probably reached a compromise.Their conflict and compromise can be understood from the two aspects of Neo-Confucianist political theory.The first aspect refers to becoming“foresighted”(先觉)through self-cultivation.The second aspect refers to bringing order to the world through governmental measures(絮矩).The first aspect,when put into practice at the imperial court,means“rectifying the ruler”(正君).The second aspect,when put into practice in local administration,means reasonable and just management of corvee and taxes to ensure people's wealth and property.Zhen Dexiu and Zhang Zhongshu made striking agreement on“rectifying the ruler”,but diverged and disagreed over governmental measures.The same coherent and self-consistent ideological system of Neo-Confucianism could give rise to different and even contradictory ways of practice at the imperial court and in local administration.

关 键 词：南宋 道学 真德秀 张忠恕 

分 类 号：K245[历史地理—历史学]