种植密度对不同生育期玉米品种光温资源利用率和产量的影响  

Effects of planting density on solar and heat resource utilization and yield of maize varieties at different growth stages

作　　者：吴希 王家瑞 郝淼艺 张宏军 张仁和[1] WU Xi;WANG Jia-Rui;HAO Miao-Yi;ZHANG Hong-Jun;ZHANG Ren-He(College of Agronomy,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;Shaanxi Seed Work Station,Xi’an 710003,Shaanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]陕西省种子工作总站,陕西西安710003

出　　处：《作物学报》2023年第4期1065-1078,共14页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD03000304);陕西省优势特色农业产业项目(SXNY-2021-02)资助。

摘　　要：探究不同生育期玉米光温利用、物质生产和产量形成对密度的响应,以期为陕北灌区春玉米密植高产高效栽培提供理论依据。试验于2019—2020年以东单60(中晚熟)和大丰30(中早熟)为试验材料,设置45,000(D1)、60,000(D2)、75,000(D3)和90,000(D4)株hm^(-2)4个种植密度,测定了叶面积指数、冠层光分布、物质生产与转运、光温利用和产量及其构成等指标。结果表明,大丰30和东单60分别在90,000株hm^(-2)和75,000株hm^(-2)密度下达到最高产量18,787.5kghm^(-2)和16,953.0kghm^(-2),较低密度分别提高了37.7%和41.4%,且高产下大丰30籽粒含水率较东单60低11.5%。随着种植密度的增加,群体叶面积指数明显提高,上部冠层光能截获率显著增大,而中部冠层光能截获率显著下降且东单60降低幅度高于大丰30,下部冠层光能截获率无显著差异。对于光能辐射利用而言,大丰30花前截获的光合有效辐射和光能利用率较东单60分别高7.9%、高1.7%;大丰30花后截获的光合有效辐射和光能利用率较东单60分别低9.5%、高14.9%,根据光能利用效率和种植密度的相关关系表明增密对提高大丰30的光能辐射利用率更显著。在D4密度下,中早熟品种大丰30较晚熟品种东单60生育期平均缩短了4.3 d,大丰30的平均有效积温较东单60少25.3℃,而积温利用率提高了25.3%,达到最大干物质积累速率所需积温较东单60少;东单60和大丰30的花前干物质累积量及花后转运率较D1分别提高了26.7%、34.6%和43.7%、55.8%,且大丰30的花后干物质累积量和花后干物质转运率较东单60分别高14.5%和12.3%。可见,中早熟品种大丰30密植下重塑群体结构,改善中部冠层光能截获,增加干物质增长速率和提前干物质达到最大增大速率时期,促进干物质的累积与转运,提高了光温资源利用效率,实现该区春玉米高产高效;同时收获时籽粒较低的含水率,适宜籽粒机收。The objective of this study is to explore the response of maize solar and heat utilization,material production,and yield formation to density at different maturity stages,in order to provide a theoretical basis for high yield and efficiency cultivation of spring maize in Northern Shaanxi irrigation area.In 2019 and 2020,the field experiments were conducted by using two maize hybrids[Dongdan 60(middle-late-maturing)and Dafeng 30(middle-early-maturing)]with four planting density treatments[45,000(D1),60,000(D2),75,000(D3),and 90,000(D4)plants hm^(-2)].Leaf area index,canopy solar distribution,material production and transport,solar and heat utilization,yield and its composition were measured.The results showed that,compared with the low density,Dafeng 30 and Dongdan 60 reached the highest yield of 18,787.5 kg hm^(-2)and 16,953.0 kg hm^(-2)under the density of 90,000 plants hm^(-2)and 75,000 plants hm^(-2)and increased by 37.7%and 41.4%,respectively.The grain moisture content of Dafeng 30 was 11.5%lower than that of Dongdan 60 under high yield.With the increase of planting density,the leaf area index of the population and the interception rate of solar energy in the upper canopy increased significantly,while the solar interception rate of the middle canopy decreased significantly,and Dongdan 60 decreased more than Dafeng 30.There was no significant difference in the interception rate of the lower canopy.For the utilization of solar radiation,the pre-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 7.9%and 1.7%higher than those of Dongdan 60,respectively.The post-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 9.5%and 14.9%lower than those of Dongdan 60,respectively.The correlation between radiation use efficiency and planting density revealed that the increase of planting density was more obvious in improving the light radiation utilization efficiency of Dafeng 30.Under D4 density,the growth period of Dafeng

关 键 词：春玉米 种植密度 光温资源 物质累积转运 籽粒机收 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]