论明清士绅研究的演进脉络——兼谈从“富民”观察“士绅”的重要意义  

A Review of Studies of the Gentry Class of the Ming and Qing Dynasties--with also a Discussion on the Significance of Relating the Fumin(Plutocratic Class)to the Gentry Class

作　　者：薛政超[1] 舒求 XUE Zhengchao;SHU Qiu

机构地区：[1]云南大学中国经济史研究所,云南昆明650091 [2]云南财经大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《思想战线》2023年第1期135-145,共11页Thinking

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国古代财政体制变革与地方治理模式研究”阶段性成果(17ZDA175);云南大学一流大学建设“富民社会”理论创新高地及中国经济史创新团队项目阶段性成果。

摘　　要：近80年以来的明清士绅研究,或将士绅的身份与官僚制、土地占有形态及相应生产关系相结合,形成国家统治论、乡绅土地所有论和乡绅支配论;或将士绅的身份与基层社会、地方民众相结合,形成双轨政治论、真空填补论和家乡情结论;或从社会阶层流动的角度观察士绅阶层的兴起、持续与衰落过程及其与国家、社会的关系;或将士绅等精英群体与特定“场”或“场域”相结合,形成地域社会论和地方策略等场域精英论。这些研究呈现出从国家、社会到地域,从身份论转向功能论,以及从政策决定到资源策略等研究视角、研究取向、研究逻辑的变化。而从“富民”观察“士绅”,有利于从宋元明清的整体性、社会发展的阶段性和经济因素的基础性作用来揭示明清士绅的社会属性,避免以往研究对于地域性、身份性和策略性等因素的过分偏向。Studies of the gentry class of the Ming and Qing dynasties over the last 80 years have either related the identity of the gentry to their affiliation with the officialdom,to the forms of land ownership and the production relationship that results from such ownership to construct the theories of state-rule,of gentry owning the land,and of gentry domination,or to the links of the gentry with the grassroots and local communities to form the theories of two-way political administration,of blank-filling,and of home-town mentality Some studies look at the gentry class from the angle of social mobility,believing that their rise,maintenance and decline are in pace with the ups and downs of the state and society as a whole.Other studies link the elites of the gentry class with certain"fields"or"domains"to form the theory of regional society or regional elites.All these studies have shown changes of perspectives and logic from relations of the gentry to the state,society,and region,to the identity and functions of the gentry in policy-making and resources reallocation.A new perspective we propose is to look at the gentry class from the angle of their relations with the fumin(plutocratic class)class,which will help to treat the gentry class of the Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties as a whole in a way to reveal the social attributes of the gentry of the Ming and Qing dynasties through periodic features of social development and economic factors,thus avoiding the one-sidedness of the previous studies that focus on regional,identity or strategic factors.

关 键 词：士绅 富民 明清 社会属性 

分 类 号：K24[历史地理—历史学]