国家间解决水下文化遗产所有权争议的双边或多边协定:背景、所有权规定及其对中国的启示  

Bilateral or Multilateral Agreements between States for the Settlement of Dispute over Ownership of Underwater Cultural Heritage:Background,Ownership Clauses,and Implications for China

作　　者：陈锐达 CHEN Jueyu(Translators) HAN Yuchen(Translators) CHEN Ruida;CHEN Jueyu(Translators);HAN Yuchen(Translators)(School of International Law,China University of Political Science and Law;不详)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院 [2]不详

出　　处：《中华海洋法学评论》2022年第4期92-138,共47页China Oceans Law Review

摘　　要：由于水下文化遗产所有权的法律冲突与现行国际公约的局限性,各国长期以来难以就水下文化遗产所有权争议达成一致解决方案。不过,水下文化遗产保护国际协商与合作的基本精神为各国通过双边或多边协定方式解决特定水下文化遗产所有权争议创造条件。从当前实践来看,首先,除国家外,此类协定所涉的所有权主体还包括私人或排除特定主体所有权的情形。其次,在归属问题上,缔约国基于共同开发的理念,通常采取来源国所有权与沿海国管辖权相结合的模式,在尊重水下文化遗产特殊性的前提下保证了权属划分的公平。此外,相关协定还规定了水下文化遗产所有权担保的免责条款。作为水下文物大国,我国可借鉴现行国际上有关水下文化遗产所有权的争议解决方式和所有权约定形式,积极开展国际实践,充分发挥国际协定对延续国家立场和反补国内立法的积极功能,促进我国水下文物的国际保护。Due to the conflict of laws on the ownership of underwater cultural heritage(UCH)and the limitations of the current international law system,it has long been difficult for states to agree on a solution to the disputes over the ownership of UCH.The principle of international consultation and cooperation plays an important role in dispute resolution through treaty-based means.Firstly,the subject of ownership in such treaties includes states,individuals,or neither of both nor common ownership of mankind.Secondly,with regard to the attribution of ownership rights,current treaties following the principle of joint exploitation,adopt a model clause by combining the ownership of the state of origin and the jurisdiction of the coastal state,to promote an equitable division of ownership.In addition,relevant international agreements also provide an exemption clause for the guarantee of ownership.As a country with rich UCH,China can take into consideration the legislating structure of the existing treaties,take an active part in international negotiation,and make full use of international cooperation to declare national positions and complement the lack of domestic legislation,to protect China’s UCH at an international level.

关 键 词：水下文化遗产 所有权 双边或多边协定 共同开发 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]