论我国船舶油污损害赔偿制度的完善--以借鉴美国《1990年油污法》为视角  

The Improvement of China’s Ship Oil Pollution Damage Compensation System in Light of OPA 90

作　　者：赵晓楠 张晏瑲 CHEN Jueyu(Translators) HAN Yuchen(Translators) ZHAO Xiaonan;CHANG Yen-Chiang;CHEN Jueyu(Translators);HAN Yuchen(Translators)(Law School of Dalian Maritime University,China;不详)

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院 [2]不详

出　　处：《中华海洋法学评论》2022年第4期179-214,共36页China Oceans Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(项目编号:19VHQ009)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：近些年对海商法的修订工作是我国船舶油污损害赔偿制度系统立法的首次尝试,其基本的立法思路是与我国加入的有关国际公约保持一致。修订稿拟构建的船舶油污损害赔偿制度,存在内容和立法思路的不足。我国船舶油污损害赔偿制度应吸收美国《1990年油污法》的船舶油污损害赔偿制度所具有的规制对象全面、责任人免责情形规定详尽、溢油责任信托基金赔付范围广等优点,尤其在钻井平台污染责任规制、责任人免责之第三人承担责任、油污损害赔偿基金三个问题上,应参考美国船舶油污损害赔偿制度,将海上移动式钻井平台纳入船舶油污损害赔偿的规范范围内,增加“可参照船舶油污损害赔偿处理”的条款。此外,我国还应当设立更为严格的责任人免责之第三人承担责任的条件和赔付义务,同时优化船舶油污基金的赔付范围及赔付限额。The first attempt to systematically legislate the ship oil pollution damage compensation system(hereinafter“SOPDCS”)was made in 2018,by the revision of Maritime Law of the People’s Republic of China(Revised Draft for Public Comments)(hereinafter“Exposure Draft”).Its basic legislative idea is to converge with the relevant international conventions to which China is a State party.Subsequently,the manuscript of Exposure Draft has been revised several times(hereinafter“Revised Draft”).This paper analyzes China’s current legislation for SOPDCS,briefly introduces the SOPDCS to be constructed by the Revised Draft,and provides a commentary on the context and legislative ideas of the Revised Draft.The SOPDCS of the U.S.under Oil Pollution Act of 1990(OPA 90)is more advanced as its objects of regulation are comprehensive,the defenses to liability are detailed and the scope of the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is wide.This paper made a comparative analysis on SOPDCS of the U.S.SOPDCS and China in order to make suggestions for the improvement of SOPDCS in China regarding three issues,namely,regulation of pollution liability for drilling units,defenses to liability with an act or omission of a third party,and the oil pollution damage compensation fund.China should clearly incorporate mobile offshore drilling units into the scope of regulation of SOPDCS,and at the same time add the clause of“may refer to the ship oil pollution damage compensation clause”for fixed drilling units in the Revised Draft.In addition,China should also set stricter conditions and the obligation to pay compensation for the defenses to liability with an act or omission of a third party.Furthermore,China should optimize the compensation scope and limit of the ship oil pollution fund.

关 键 词：船舶油污损害赔偿 《中华人民共和国海商法》修订稿 立法思路 美国《1990年油污法》 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] D922.294