黄河水滴灌不同水肥处理对冬小麦生长及水肥利用的影响  

Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Treatments on Growth and Water and Fertilizer Utilization of Winter Wheat Under Drip Irrigation with Yellow River Water

作　　者：郭晓平 谢建华 肖娟[1] GUO Xiao-ping;XIE Jian-hua;XIAO Juan(School of Water Conservancy Science and Engineering,Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan 030024,China;Beijing Daxing District Seed Industry and Plant Protection Service Station,Beijing 100044,China)

机构地区：[1]太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院,太原030024 [2]北京市大兴区种业与植保服务站,北京100044

出　　处：《节水灌溉》2023年第2期12-19,共8页Water Saving Irrigation

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题“黄土高原旱作适水改土关键产品研发及应用技术”(2021YFD1900702);山西省重点研发项目“基于智慧农业管控系统的温室蔬菜水、肥、气、热、光精准调控技术研究”(201903D221058)。

摘　　要：尊村引黄灌区是山西省境内最大的以黄河为水源的灌区,其主要灌溉方式为渠道灌溉。以尊村引黄灌区为例,探索黄河水滴灌条件下合理的水肥处理方案,试验共设置5个处理,分别为黄河水滴灌条件下当地农户常用施肥量的60%、80%、100%为处理T1、T2、T3,地下水滴灌条件下当地农户常用施肥量的100%为处理T4,黄河水滴灌且不追肥处理作为对照处理CK,研究了不同水肥处理对冬小麦生长及水肥利用的影响。研究结果表明,在作物生长方面,黄河水滴灌条件下,冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上部干物质量和产量均随施肥量的增加而增加,其中单株地上部干物质量与产量增长变化趋势相同,产量与施肥量拟合关系符合抛物型曲线变化,当施肥量为232.28 kg/hm^(2)时,产量最大为8080.06 kg/hm^(2);在相同施肥量下,黄河水滴灌处理的叶面积指数、地上部干物质量和产量指标均优于地下水滴灌处理。在水肥利用方面,黄河水滴灌条件下,土壤氮素残留量、耗水量和水分利用效率均随施肥量的增加而增加;在相同施肥量下,黄河水滴灌处理的土壤氮素残留量和耗水量均低于地下水滴灌处理,水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力高于地下水滴灌处理。综合考虑,T2处理的产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力较T4处理分别提高了0.62%、5.88%和25.79%;T2和T3处理水分利用效率均为1.98 kg/m^(3),但T2较T3处理在产量略有下降的情况下,氮肥偏生产力较T3处理提高了21.54%,土壤氮素的残留量较T3处理降低了32.73%,因此结合产量拟合关系可知本地区用黄河水滴灌冬小麦最佳的施肥用量为204~232.28 kg/hm^(2)。Zuncun Yellow River Irrigation District is the largest irrigation district in Shanxi Province that uses the Yellow River as its water source,and its main irrigation method is channel irrigation.In this study,the reasonable water and fertilizer treatments under the drip irrigation with Yellow River water in Zuncun irrigation area were explored.Five treatments were set up in the experiment,namely,60%,80% and 100% of the fertilizer applied by local farmers under the drip irrigation with Yellow River water for treatments T1,T2 and T3,100% of the fertilizer applied by local farmers under the drip irrigation of groundwater for treatment T4,and the drip irrigation with Yellow River water without fertilizer as CK,to study the effect of different water and fertilizer treatments on the growth and water and fertilizer utilization of winter wheat.The results showed that the plant height,leaf area index,above-ground dry matter mass and yield of winter wheat increased with the increase of fertilizer application under the drip irrigation with Yellow River water,in which the above-ground dry matter mass and yield of a single plant had the same trend,and the fitting relationship between yield and fertilizer application was in accordance with the parabolic curve,and the maximum yield was 8080.06 kg·hm^(-2)when the fertilizer application was 232.28 kg·hm^(-2);the leaf area index,above-ground dry matter quality and yield index of Yellow River water drip irrigation treatment were better than those of groundwater drip irrigation treatment under the same fertilizer application rate.In terms of water and fertilizer use,soil nitrogen residue,water consumption and water use efficiency increased with the increase of fertilizer application under drip irrigation with Yellow River water;under the same fertilizer application,soil nitrogen residue and water consumption of Yellow River water drip irrigation treatment were lower than those of groundwater drip irrigation treatment,and water use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer bias productivit

关 键 词：冬小麦 产量 黄河水 地下水 水肥利用 灌溉水质 滴灌 水肥处理 

分 类 号：S275.3[农业科学—农业水土工程] S275.4[农业科学—农业工程]