近百年来中国农户家庭经营的变迁逻辑  

One Century of Transition Logic of Chinese Farm Management

作　　者：展进涛[1,2] 朱菊隐 纪月清[1,2] ZHAN Jintao;ZHU Juyin;JI Yueqing

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学经济管理学院 [2]南京农业大学中国粮食安全研究中心

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2023年第1期2-19,共18页China Rural Survey

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“我国粮食产业高质量发展实现路径与政策体系研究”(编号:21&ZD101);国家自然科学基金面上项目“异质性视角下农业重大病虫害协同防治的同群效应及干预机制研究”(编号:72073069)的资助。

摘　　要：理解中国农户家庭经营的变迁逻辑对构建现代农业经营体系、促进农户特别是小农户衔接现代农业发展具有现实意义。本文梳理分析了20世纪20年代以来中国农户家庭经营的变迁过程,探讨不同年代农户家庭经营的特征差异,揭示中国农户家庭经营不断融入工业化、现代化和大市场的总体趋势与演变规律。研究发现:中国农户家庭经营从自给自足向市场化的要素购买和产品出售转变,农户通过运用以现代机械和生物技术为代表的现代生产要素,大幅提升了要素配置效率和经营收益,但小农经营是中国过去、现在以及未来农业发展的一个基本特征;农户家庭劳动力兼业化程度逐步提高;土地要素随着农村劳动力的非农转移呈现集中态势,土地制度变迁产生的产权激励促进了土地资源的有效配置,以经营转入地为主的农户家庭的土地规模远大于近百年前农场的平均规模;在农业现代化进程中,农户通过生产高附加值农产品或扩大土地规模来优化家庭劳动力和土地等资源的配置,进而出现农户家庭经营的生产专业化和区域层面的产品多样化并存。本文还讨论了中国农户家庭经营的发展趋势,并结合研究发现提出了几点思考。Understanding the transition logic of Chinese household management would be helpful for building a modern agricultural management system and promoting the connection between farmers(especially small farmers)and the development of modem agriculture.This article analyzes the evolution process of Chinese farmers’household management since the 1920 s.Furtherly,the article discusses the characteristics and differences of household management in different years,and reveals the overall trend and evolution law of Chinese farmers’household management constantly integrating industrialization,modernization and large markets.The results suggest that Chinese farmers’household management has changed from self-sufficiency to market-oriented factor purchases and product sales.Farmers have greatly improved factor allocation efficiency and operating income by using modern production factors represented by modern machinery and biotechnology.Small-scale farming is a basic feature of agricultural development in China in the past,at present and in the future.The degree of part-time employment of rural household labor force has gradually increased.With the non-agricultural transfer of rural labor force,land factors present a centralized trend,and the property rights incentives generated by land system changes have promoted the effective allocation of land resources.The land scale of farmers’households who mainly manage the transferred land is much larger than the average scale of farms nearly one hundred years ago.In the process of agricultural modernization,farmers optimize the allocation of resources such as family labor force and land by producing high value-added agricultural products or expanding the scale of land,which leads to the coexistence of production specialization of famers’household operations and the diversification of products at the regional level.This study also discusses the trend of farmers’household management in China and puts forward some reflections based on the research findings.

关 键 词：农户 家庭经营 规模经济 要素配置 社会化服务 

分 类 号：F325.7[经济管理—产业经济]