董事对第三人责任的公司法进路  

The Company Law Approach to the Liability of Directors to Third Parties

作　　者：岳万兵 Yue Wanbing

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2023年第1期174-191,共18页Global Law Review

摘　　要：董事直接或间接侵害第三人利益,在一定条件下均具有可归责性,应对第三人承担个人责任。传统理论并不完全排斥董事对第三人的个人责任,但其赖以依靠的撤销权、代位权、侵权规则等只能调整董事对第三人的直接侵害,而在董事通过公司间接侵害第三人利益的场景下难生实效。公司法应当针对董事对第三人的间接侵害提供规范供给。间接侵害指向的是与公司存在基础法律关系的债权人,而非任意第三人,董事对其承担责任的类型是组织法传导机制下信义责任的延伸,是组织利益失衡时对信义义务理论的补充与矫正。因风险承担、身份定位的差别,董事通常只在故意、违反忠实义务导致公司无力清偿债务时才应对债权人承担间接侵害责任,而不应包括过失、违反勤勉义务的场景。董事对债权人责任与股东人格否认责任是组织法内部责任的一体两面,故人格否认的适用标准可作为董事责任标准的重要参照。《公司法(修订草案)(二次审议稿)》第190条仍未准确定位公司法下董事对第三人责任的制度功能,须重新设计。Legislation is in essence a process of balancing interests among competing subjects.In the company law,if directors can completely hide behind their company's independent personality and never assume personal responsibility to third parties,the imbalance of interests between directors and third parties will inevitably occur under certain circumstances,which should be corrected.Directors'personal liability to third parties should be discussed in light of the different infringements on the interests of third parties by directors,which are divided into two types in this paper.First,where directors infringe on the interests of third parties directly or by manipulating the company in the performance of their duties,the absolute right of third parties is infringed on,and here the third parties refer to any member of the public.Second,where the actions of directors impair the company's interests,resulting in indirect infringement on the interests of third parties,the third parties'benefits based on the company are infringed on,and the third parties here mainly refer to the creditors of the company.The traditional theories do not completely exclude directors'personal liability to third parties,but the revocation right,subrogation right and tort rules they rely on can only regulate directors'direct infringement on the interest of third parties,but cannot have any real effect in the scenario where directors indirectly infringe on the interests of third parties through the company.The Company Law should supply norms on the indirect infringement by directors on third parties,that is,provide the basis for the exercise of the rights by creditors under special circumstances.The type of liability that directors bear to creditors is the extension of the fiduciary liability under the transmitting mechanism of organizational law and a supplement to and correction of the fiduciary duty theory.Due to the difference in risk bearing and positioning,directors should assume indirect infringement liability to creditors only when the compa

关 键 词：董事责任 第三人 信义义务 代位权 侵害债权 间接侵害 

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