近代美国捕鲸业劳动力状况的变化及其生态影响  

The Changes and Ecological Effects of the Whaling Labour Force in Modern American History

作　　者：张宏宇 Zhang Hongyu

机构地区：[1]西北大学中东研究所

出　　处：《世界历史》2022年第6期46-61,157,158,共18页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“大西洋视野下的美国捕鲸移民与环境变迁研究”(项目编号:21FSSB004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：北美殖民地早期捕鲸业劳动力多为鲸鱼资源丰富地区的农民,兼职合作捕鲸。早期捕鲸活动为他们带来了大量财富,提升了社会地位。随着欧美市场旺盛,美国捕鲸业规模扩大,对劳动力的需求迅速提升。美国乡间白人青年、南方黑人和葡裔亚速尔人、佛得角人相继成为捕鲸业的主要劳动力。与此同时,捕鲸业劳动力日趋分化,形成了捕鲸商人、捕鲸经营者和捕鲸手三个等级。捕鲸商人利用捕鲸经营者剥削捕鲸手,形成了异化劳动现象:捕鲸手同鲸鱼产品异化,从思想和实际层面失去了对鲸鱼产品的掌控;捕鲸手与捕鲸活动异化,沦为了捕鲸工具,丧失了对捕鲸活动的热情;捕鲸手与捕鲸商人的关系异化,二者从合作变为不平等的剥削关系。捕鲸手的异化进一步增加了对鲸鱼资源的破坏。首先,异化劳动从认知层面降低了捕鲸活动的阻力。其次,异化劳动导致新手比例增加,由此带来的技术欠缺致使鲸鱼死亡数量大幅提升。最后,异化劳动加剧了捕鲸手与鲸鱼之间的对立关系,增加了捕鲸手的捕杀力度。美国捕鲸业造成的生态危机是资本增值过程中的内生性危机。The labour force of the whaling industry in the North American colonies during the early period were mostly farmers who were from the areas with abundant whale resources.They participated in whaling as a part-time job.In consequence,whaling activities brought them great wealth and improved their social status.With the prosperity of the European and American markets,the scale of the American whaling industry expanded and the demand for labour increased rapidly.The white youth in the American countryside,the black people in the American South,the Portuguese Azores and Cape Verdeans became main labour forces in the whaling industry.Meanwhile,the labour force of the whaling industry was gradually differentiated into three classes,including whaling merchants,whaling operators,and whalers.Whaling merchants used whaling operators to exploit whalers,leading to the phenomenon of alienated labour.More specifically,whalers were alienated from whale products and they lost control of whale products from the ideological level to the practical level.Whalers were alienated from whaling activities and they became whaling tools and lost passion for whaling activities.The relationship between whalers and whaling merchants was alienated,which changed from a cooperative relationship to an unequal exploitative one.However,the alienation of whalers increased further damage to the whale resources.Firstly,alienated labour decreased the resistance of whaling activities from the cognitive level.Secondly,alienated labour increased the proportion of whaling novices,which led to a substantial increase in the number of whale deaths because of the lack of technology.Finally,alienated labour intensified the antagonistic relationship between whalers and whales,leading to the increase of whalers’intensity of hunting.The ecological crisis caused by the American whaling industry was an endogenous crisis deriving from the course of capital growth.

关 键 词：美国 捕鲸业 海洋史 捕鲸手 异化劳动 生态环境 

分 类 号：F316.4[经济管理—产业经济] K712.4[历史地理—历史学]