中世纪晚期英格兰的水权之争、河道治理与议会政治  

Water Right Conflicts,River Administration and Parliamentary Politics in Later Medieval England

作　　者：沈琦[1] Shen Qi

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2022年第6期62-81,158,159,共22页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“英国工业化时期交通体系变革及其影响研究”(项目编号:22ASS001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着社会经济的变动和普通法的兴起,中世纪晚期英格兰的水权(通航权和河岸权)冲突加剧,磨坊堰和鱼堰成为阻碍河道通航的主要障碍。破坏河道通航的行为被视为破坏“王之和平”的公共妨害。河道治理举措主要有两种,一是签发令状经由普通法诉讼,二是权利受损者向国王或议会提交请愿。从实际成效看,河流堵塞问题并没有完全解决,但趋于缓解。从议会政治的视角看,河道治理的意义凸显:议会请愿提升了议会的司法审判权、私人请愿向公共请愿的转变见证了下议院的成长、公共请愿立法比重的提升扩大了议会的立法权、河道立法体现了议会治理的法治化和程序化特征。透过请愿、调查、立法等程序,中世纪晚期英格兰河道治理展现了民众、国王与议会三者互动的加强。With the socio-economic changes and the rise of common law, conflicts over the navigation right and the riparian right intensified in later medieval England, with mill weirs and fish weirs becoming major obstacles to river navigation. The destruction of river navigation was considered as a public nuisance that undermined the ’peace of the king’. Two main approaches were applied to the river administration, including the issue of writs and litigation at common law, and petitions to the King or Parliament by individuals or communities with impaired rights. In terms of the practical effect, the problem of blocked rivers has not been completely solved, but it is indisputable that it has tended to abate. From the perspective of parliamentary politics, the river petitions increased the judicial power of the Parliament, the transformation of private petitions into common petitions witnessed the growth of the House of Commons, the increase of acts expanded the legislative power of the Parliament, and river legislation reflected the rule of law and procedural features of the parliamentary administration.Through the processes of petition, inquiry and legislation, river administration in later medieval England demonstrates the strengthening of the benign interaction among the people, the King and the Parliament.

关 键 词：中世纪晚期 英格兰 水权之争 河道治理 议会政治 

分 类 号：D756.1[政治法律—政治学] K561.33[政治法律—中外政治制度]