低压二氧化碳与常规灭火剂抑制锂离子电池火灾特性对比  

Comparative of the Fire Suppression Characteristics of Low-pressure Carbon Dioxide and Conventional Extinguishing Agents on Lithium-ions Batteries

作　　者：邓捷 陈宝辉 陆佳政 陈杰 朱鸿章 方针 DENG Jie;CHEN Baohui;LU Jiazheng;CHEN Jie;ZHU Hongzhang;FANG Zhen(School of Electrical&Information Engineering,Changsha University of Science&Technology,Changsha 410114,China;State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention&Reduction for Power Grid Transmission and Distribution Equipment,Hunan Electric Power Corporation Disaster Prevention and Reduction Center,Changsha 410007,China)

机构地区：[1]长沙理工大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙410114 [2]电网输变电设备防灾减灾国家重点实验室(国网湖南省电力有限公司防灾减灾中心),长沙410007

出　　处：《高电压技术》2023年第1期364-372,共9页High Voltage Engineering

基　　金：湖南创新型省份建设专项经费项目(2021SK2049);湖南省科技创新计划资助(2022RC1002);国家电网公司科技项目(5216A02100AU)。

摘　　要：近年来,锂离子电池热失控引发的火灾事故频发,严重制约了锂电池在储能等方面的应用和发展。二氧化碳具有良好的绝缘性能,适用于电气设备火灾灭火。该文首次提出利用低压储存的低温二氧化碳抑制锂电池热失控引发火灾的方法,开展低压二氧化碳和3种典型常规灭火剂(高压二氧化碳、七氟丙烷、细水雾)抑制过充引发的135 Ah三元锂电池火灾特性的对比研究。采用12~15 kg灭火剂,喷射时间为37~38 s时,所有灭火剂均能扑灭锂电池火灾。其中,低压二氧化碳灭火时间与高压二氧化碳灭火时间相近(7~8 s),七氟丙烷灭火时间较短(5 s),细水雾灭火时间最长(23s);对比灭火剂喷射前后电池表面的温度差,低压二氧化碳冷却电池的效果(温度差302.6℃)比高压二氧化碳(温度差176.8℃)和七氟丙烷(温度差119.6℃)更好,和细水雾(温度差303.8℃)相当。分析各种灭火剂的灭火机理和热量交换,低压二氧化碳主要通过窒息、隔绝和冷却灭明火,且由于汽化热大,吸热性能强,抑制电池热失控效果好。研究表明:低压二氧化碳兼具好的灭火和降温抑制电池热失控的能力,在锂电池火灾防治方面具有很好的应用前景。In recent years, frequent fire accidents caused by thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries have seriously restricted the application and development of lithium batteries in energy storage and other fields. CO2has good insulation performance and is suitable for fire extinguishing of electrical equipment. In this paper, a method of suppressing fire caused by thermal runaway of lithium battery using low-pressure(L-P) stored low-temperature CO2was proposed. A comparison study of suppressing the fire of 135 Ah lithium batteries by L-P CO2, high-pressure(H-P) CO2, HFC-ea, and water mist was conducted. When using 12~15 kg of extinguishing agents and a spraying time of 37~38 s, all extinguishing agents could extinguish lithium battery fires. It was discovered that the extinguishing time of L-P CO2was similar to that of H-P CO2which was longer than that of HFC-ea(5 s) but shorter than that of water mist(23 s). Compared with the temperature difference between the battery surface before and after the extinguishing agent injection, the cooling effect of L-P CO2was better than those of H-P CO2and HFC-ea, and was close to that of water mist. The fire extinguishing mechanism and heat exchange of various fire extinguishing agents was analyzed. L-P CO2extinguished flame mainly through asphyxiation, isolation and cooling effect. At the same time, because of the high vaporization heat and strong heat absorption performance of L-P CO2, it had a good effect of restraining the thermal runaway of the battery. The results show that L-P CO2combines good fire extinguishing and cooling to suppress thermal runaway of lithium battery, and it has broad application prospect in lithium battery fire prevention and control.

关 键 词：锂电池 储能 低压二氧化碳 灭火剂 灭火时间 温差 

分 类 号：TM912[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动] X932[环境科学与工程—安全科学]