沙尘暴对火星表面探测器的影响:回顾与展望  

The impact of dust storms on Mars surface rovers: Review and prospect

作　　者：王誉棋 魏勇[1,2] 范开 何飞 戎昭金 周旭[1,2,3] 谭宁 Yuqi Wang;Yong Wei;Kai Fan;Fei He;Zhaojin Rong;Xu Zhou;Ning Tan(Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Bejing 100029,China;College of Earth and Planetary Science,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China;Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,中国科学院地球与行星物理重点实验室,北京100029 [2]中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京100049 [3]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京空间环境国家野外科学观测研究站,北京100029 [4]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,中国科学院新生代地质与环境重点实验室,北京100029

出　　处：《科学通报》2023年第4期368-379,共12页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA17010201);中国科学院重点部署项目(ZDBS-SSW-TLC00103);中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所重点部署项目(IGGCAS-201904,IGGCAS-202102);中国科学院青年创新促进会(Y2021027)资助;国家自然科学基金(41922031)。

摘　　要：沙尘暴会对火星表面探测器带来发电量减少、环境温度降低、通信不稳定和仪器污染等方面的影响.为保障我国祝融号火星车的安全运行及未来火星表面探测任务的顺利开展,亟须评估沙尘暴对火星表面探测器的影响.通过系统性地回顾1997~2018年间火星表面探测器(包括着陆器与火星车)对沙尘的响应,初步认清了沙尘对火星表面探测器的影响规律——探测器太阳能电池阵列表面的尘埃以比较稳定的速率积累,而尘埃的沉积速率在沙尘暴期间,尤其是全球性沙尘暴期间会大大加快;同时,受多方面影响,电池阵列表面也会发生具有季节性模式的除尘事件.为规避沙尘暴带来的风险,在美国洞察号着陆器(InSight)的设计阶段就全面评估了沙尘暴对其着陆硬件系统及太阳能电池阵列的影响,并采取了一系列应对措施.洞察号应对沙尘暴的举措为我国未来的火星采样返回任务提供了重要启迪——前瞻性的科学指导是保障工程任务成功实施的关键.通过分析我国火星采样返回任务的初步轨道设计方案,建议未来火星探测器发射的最优窗口为2028年1月左右,以合理规避沙尘暴带来的风险.The success and accuracy of Entry-Descent-Landing(EDL) for a surface mission to Mars depends on local and regional atmospheric conditions, including atmospheric density, winds, their variations with altitude, and the moment to execute the EDL. Dust storms and their enhanced atmospheric dust loading can affect the radiative heating of the atmosphere,atmospheric density structure, winds, and even the power output of the solar arrays onboard rovers/landers. The assessment and prediction of Martian dust storms are urgently required to serve the currently operating China’s Mars Rover-Zhurong and would be beneficial to China’s Mars mission to return Mars samples in the future. However, it is challenging to accurately predict when and where dust storms will occur on Mars. A detailed review of the effects of dust storms on Mars landers and rovers, which landed on the Martian surface between 1997 and 2018, will allow for a preliminary exploration of the patterns of dust storm effects on rovers on the Martian surface. Studies on the critical effects of dust storms showed that dust accumulates at a relatively steady rate on the surface of solar arrays on rovers, and dust storms, particularly global storms, can greatly accelerate the rate of dust deposition. For example, the global dust storm in 2007 rapidly reduced the dust factor of opportunity and spirit solar arrays by approximately half. Against a background of dust accumulation, most detectors(e.g., solar array) onboard the rover would experience relatively more frequent dust removal events, which may be linked to the speed and direction of the background winds and dust storm transport trajectory. Moreover, the removal of dust from the surface of solar arrays occurs in a seasonally repeating pattern that might accompany the appearance of dust storms. Notably, dust removal event is not always proportional to background wind speed, meaning that dust removal event is stronger when the background wind speed is higher. This implies that the mechanisms of dust accumulati

关 键 词：火星车 着陆器 沙尘暴 太阳能电池阵列 火星采样返回 

分 类 号：V476.4[航空宇航科学与技术—飞行器设计] P425.55[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]