伯特霍尔德·劳弗和留声机  

Berthold Laufer and the Gramophone

作　　者： 叶展魁(译) Patrick Feaster;Ye Zhankui

机构地区：[1]不详 [2]南京艺术学院音乐学院,南京210000

出　　处：《音乐文化研究》2022年第4期60-72,M0003,M0004,共15页Music Culture Studies

摘　　要：20世纪初,人类学家伯特霍尔德·劳弗(Berthold Laufer, 1874—1934)参与“雅各布·希夫中国考察项目”(The Jacob Schiff China Expedition;1901-1904),三年间走遍中国东部,于上海、北京等地录制502枚蜡筒,内容包括戏曲、器乐、民歌等音乐体裁,并计划将录音译谱出版。劳弗蜡筒目前多保存于美国传统音乐档案馆,2017年印第安纳大学采用尼古拉斯·伯格(Nicholas Bergh)设计的蜡筒播放系统,开始数字化工作。劳弗在录制一首作品时大多同时使用两台留声机分别撷取人声、乐声,然受限其时未有标准录制转速,故音频工程师需校准每组蜡筒音频的播放速度,匹配两份音档乐句位置,并平衡两台留声机马达出现的颤动现象,经修复后的音档出现了近似于立体声的音响效果。而劳弗蜡筒录音时间虽较穆麟德(Paul Georg von M9llendorff)晚,但后者录制内容为诗集朗诵。因此,劳弗蜡筒明确的音乐内容,乃目前已知最早于中国录制的音乐档案。In the early 20th century,anthropologist Berthold Laufer(1874-1934)participated in The Jacob Schiff China Expedition(1901-1904).He travelled through eastern China and recorded502wax cylinders including opera,instrumental music and folk songs over a three-year term in Shanghai,Beijing and other places.He planned to publish the recordings with transcriptions.Most recordings are now held at the Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music and were recently digitized in 2017by using a wax cylinder playback system designed by Nicholas Bergh.However,Laufer used two phonographs at the same time,one for vocals and one for instruments.Without standard recording speed at the time,audio engineers had to calibrate the playback speed of each set of wax cylinders to match the two files and balance the flutter of the two phonograph motors.This resulted in a stereo sound effect.Laufer’s recording was later than Paul Georg von M?llendorff,with the latter recording poetry recitation.The Laufer wax cylinder collection is the oldest Chinese music archive.

关 键 词：劳弗 蜡筒 留声机 立体声 中国最早的音乐录音 

分 类 号：J609.252[艺术—音乐]