欧洲国家少数群体集体族群身份认定问题探析  

Exploration of Collective Identity Recognition for Minorities in European Countries

作　　者：杨友孙 Yang Yousun(School of Government,Shanghai University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai,201701,China)

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院政府管理学院,上海201701

出　　处：《民族学刊》2022年第11期89-101,151,共14页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学后期资助项目“欧洲少数群体权利保护的焦点问题研究”(19FMZB013)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“少数群体”的认定和承认问题,是和“少数群体”界定既相联系又有区别的一个问题。在欧洲,对“少数群体”成员个体身份认定,逐渐认同了“自我认同”原则。而在集体身份方面,欧洲通常采取国家认定或承认的方式。不过,欧洲国家在认定和承认族群集体身份时,门槛过高、缺乏“识别”过程、主观进行族群归类、添加一些附加条件等特征或不足。对此,有必要将“少数群体”的标准区分为“核心特征”和“外在条件”,将“在族群、文化、宗教或语言方面有异于主体民族”“表达了维护群体身份的意愿”作为认定或确定少数群体存在的“核心特征”,而将“公民身份、居住时长、人口因素”作为“少数群体”存在的外在条件。“核心特征”可以确定“少数群体”的存在,而“外在条件”则作为少数群体获得某种特殊权利或优惠的资格。Records show that both the Council of Europe and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities have advocated that whether a group is identified or recognized as a“minority”needs to meet certain subjective and objective conditions: The subjective condition is that someone puts it forward,and the objective condition appears to be that no external conditions or restrictions can be imposed on the identification of a minority group,and the opinions of people who identify with this group are mainly considered.However,investigative data demonstrates European countries have not practiced these principles,and minorities usually still need to be identified or recognized by the state.European countries usually adopt different ways of identifying and recognizing minority groups. Those countries that do recognize minority groups display relatively higher levels of protection of minority rights,yet due to some obvious problems in the process of recognition,the scope and extent of protection of minority rights have been weakened. On October 24,2018,the Committee on Civil Liberties,Justice,and Home Affairs of the European Parliament suggested a proposal to the European Parliament named “On Minimum Standards for Minorities in the EU”. Among these required “minimum standards”are citizenship,a particular ethnicity,certain cultural,religious,or linguistic characteristics, longer residency, consistent ties with the state,and express will to become a minority. These “minimum standards”are actually still very high and some European countries even have higher standards than these “minimum”requirements.In general,European countries appear to mainly rely on a unilateral decision by the state and only occasionally refer to the subjective opinions of the group itself to determine the group identity of minorities. Related research indicates that the underlying reason for this practice is that the existence,identification,and recognition of minority groups are often closely linked with the correspondi

关 键 词：少数群体 集体族群身份 少数民族 少数族群 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]