减量施氮对鲜食玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量的影响  

Effect of reduced nitrogen application on yield,nitrogen utilization of fresh waxy maize and soil nitrate nitrogen content in Shanxi dryland

作　　者：姜春霞 刘化涛 张伟[1] 杨柯 张冬梅 翟广谦 王娟玲 刘恩科[1] JIANG Chun-xia;LIU Hua-tao;ZHANG Wei;YANG Ke;ZHANG Dong-mei;ZHAI Guang-qian;WANG Juan-ling;LIU En-ke(Shanxi Institute of Organic Dryland Farming,State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture(in preparation),Key Laboratory of Organic Dry Farming of Shanxi Province,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan Shanxi 030031)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学山西有机旱作农业研究院/省部共建有机旱作农业国家重点实验室(筹)/有机旱作山西省重点实验室,山西太原030031

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2022年第12期61-67,共7页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：山西农业大学省部共建有机旱作农业国家重点实验室自主研发项目(202001-5);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901100,2016YFD0300305);宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(重点)项目(2021BBF02035)。

摘　　要：通过定位试验研究减量施氮对鲜食玉米生长、产量、籽粒营养品质、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量的影响,为山西省鲜食玉米合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。田间试验于2018~2020年在山西省旱作节水农业试验示范基地进行,以晋鲜糯41号为供试品种,设置4个施氮水平,分别为不施氮(N_(0))、N 120 kg/hm^(2)(N_(1),减氮50%)、N 180 kg/hm^(2)(N_(2),减氮25%)、N 240 kg/hm^(2)(N_(3),当地农户习惯施氮),研究了不同处理对鲜食玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积、产量、籽粒营养品质、氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮累积的影响。适量施氮可显著增加鲜食玉米产量,但过量施用氮肥产量并未显著增加,3年平均产量以减氮25%处理最高,为20515 kg/hm^(2)。随着施氮量的增加,鲜食玉米籽粒可溶性总糖呈下降趋势,蛋白质呈上升趋势,减氮25%与习惯施氮之间鲜食玉米籽粒可溶性总糖、蛋白质含量差异不显著。与习惯施氮相比,减氮25%处理氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力分别提高了96.0%、5.7%、39.4%,0~200 cm土层硝态氮累积量降低了58.3%。连续3年减少25%的施氮量未显著影响鲜食玉米产量、主要营养品质及吸氮量,可提高氮肥利用效率,显著减少土壤剖面硝态氮累积量。因此,施氮180 kg/hm^(2)是既能保证山西旱地鲜食玉米产量及主要营养品质,又能维持较高氮素利用效率、减少土壤硝态氮累积的适宜施氮量。Effects of different reduced nitrogen application on growth,yield,grain nutritional quality,nitrogen utilization of fresh waxy maize and soil nitrate nitrogen content were discussed,which could provide theoretical basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer of fresh waxy maize in Shanxi dryland.The field experiment was conducted using‘Jinxiannuo41’fresh waxy maize cultivar in the Demonstration Base of Water-Saving Agriculture of Shanxi province in 2018~2020.Four nitrogen application levels were set,namely,no nitrogen application(N0),N 120 kg/hm^(2)(N1,reducing nitrogen by 50%),N 180 kg/hm^(2)(N2,reducing nitrogen by 25%),N 240 kg/hm^(2)(N3,local farmers used to apply nitrogen).The plant height,stem diameter,leaf area,yield,grain nutritional quality,nitrogen utilization of fresh waxy maize and soil nitrate nitrogen content under different treatments were investigated.The results showed that fresh waxy maize yield firstly increased but later decreased with increasing nitrogen application.The highest yield of three years were obtained at nitrogen rate of 180 kg/hm^(2),which was 20515 kg/hm^(2).With the increasing of nitrogen application levels,the grain total soluble sugar content of fresh waxy maize decreased and the protein content increased,but there were no significant difference between reducing nitrogen by 50%and local farmers used to apply nitrogen.Compared with local farmers used to apply nitrogen,the agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen,nitrogen utilization efficiency,the partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen were increased by 96.0%,5.7%,39.4%,respectively,and the content of accumulative nitrate nitrogen in 0~200 cm soil layer at nitrogen rate of 180 kg/hm^(2)was decreased by 58.3%.Reducing 25%of conventional nitrogen input will not affect fresh waxy maize yield,grain total soluble sugar content,protein content and nitrogen uptake significantly,but can improve agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen,nitrogen utilization efficiency and the partial factor producitivity from appl

关 键 词：减量施氮 鲜食玉米 青苞产量 氮素利用 土壤硝态氮 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]