古代城市“以中为尊”整体空间特征源流综述——基于唐代以前城市考古遗址的发现与研究  

Review on the Origin and Development of the “Central Superior” Spatial Characteristics of Ancient Cities: Based on the Discovery and Research of Archaeological Sites of the Cities before the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：刘保山 王春玲 马赫 孟凡鑫 王晨馨 Liu Baoshan;Wang Chunling;Ma He;Meng Fanxin;Wang Chenxin(Peking University Planning and Design Institute(Beijing) Co.Ltd.,Beijing 100091,China;Dengzhou Museum,Dengzhou 474150,China;Beijing Weiming Wenbo Culture and Technology Co.Lid.,Beijing 100085,China;Beijing Summer Palace Management Office,Beijing 100091,China)

机构地区：[1]北大国土空间规划设计研究院,北京100091 [2]邓州市博物馆,河南邓州474150 [3]北京未名文博文化科技有限公司,北京100085 [4]北大国土空间规划设计研究院,北京100085 [5]北京市颐和园管理处,北京100091

出　　处：《中国文化遗产》2023年第1期16-25,共10页China Cultural Heritage

摘　　要：中国古代城市以中为尊、左右对称、错落有序的空间格局特征是其传统文化内涵的关键因素之一,很大程度上反映了当时的社会治理需求。本文通过文明探源、考古学等方面的综合研究成果客观看待《考工记》等文献记载,追溯其思想源流和实践落地的实际情形。针对传统城市空间营造“以中为尊”的规划思想落实在城市规划的实践情况,梳理了中原地区为主的既往城市史研究成果特别是唐代以前聚落考古、城市考古的研究成果,提出三个几何特征和组合关系作为合理的判定要素,将几何判定标准与既有考古实证材料进行比对,阐述居中规划思想的源流及其对唐代以前城市空间格局规划营造的影响和演进总体过程,以推动北京中轴线的价值内涵比较研究,深化对传统城市轴线与传统古建筑群营造特征的认识。Ancient Chinese cities were characterized by the spatial layout of “central superior” and bilateral symmetry, which serve as a key factor of their traditional cultural connotation. In recent years, the central axis of Beijing is undergoing an application to be on the World Heritage List. Existing studies on the formation of its spatial layout believe that through the construction of the central-oriented and axisymmetric urban landscape, Beijing fully demonstrated the ideal paradigm of capital planning depicted in the Rites of Zhou: Artificer’s Record(Zhou li: kaogong ji).This paper focuses on the implementation of the planning idea of “central superior” in the spatial construction of traditional cities and sorts out the research outputs of urban history mainly in the Central Plains, especially the archaeology of settlements and cities before the Tang Dynasty. This paper puts forward three geometric characteristics and combination relations as valid criteria, compares the geometric criteria with existing archaeological evidence, reduces interference from literature, and clarifies the origin of its development.Overall, early traditional cities in the Central Plains presented the concept of “central superior” through the urban planning of geometric layout, which evolved from the small to the large, from the partial to the whole, and from the circular to the square,developing along with the demands of social governance. The centripetal layout already appeared in the settlements and cities of the Neolithic era and the pantheistic era of copper and stone. In the late Longshan period, the planned and structured square city outline appeared and slowly spread in the Central Plains. The urban sites of Shimao and Lushanmao on the Loess Plateau maintained the centripetal layout but failed to develop into a paradigm of city outline. In the Xia Dynasty, structured square cities with multiple layers became common in the Central Plains. In the Shang Dynasty, cities showed the characteristics of central palaces and

关 键 词：北京中轴线 古都营建 空间格局 城址考古 先秦城市史 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] TU984.2[历史地理—历史学]