山西太原盆地龙山文化时期的生业经济——以阳曲县西殿南遗址人和动物骨骼的C、N稳定同位素分析为例  

The subsistence patterns of Taiyuan Basin during the Longshan Culture Period by carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes analysis of human and animal bones from Xidiannan site,Yangqu County,Shanxi,China

作　　者：杨柳红 姬凌飞 裴静蓉 邓惠[1] 张国文 侯亮亮 YANG Liuhong;JI Lingfei;PEI Jingrong;DENG Hui;ZHANG Guowen;HOU Liangliang(Department of Archaeology,School of Archaeology and Museology,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,Shanxi;Taiyuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Taiyuan 030000,Shanxi;Department of Archaeology and Museology,Faculty of History,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350;Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology&Institute of Archaeological Science,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433)

机构地区：[1]山西大学考古文博学院考古系,山西太原030006 [2]太原市文物考古研究所,山西太原030000 [3]南开大学历史学院考古学与博物馆学系,天津300350 [4]复旦大学文物与博物馆学系&科技考古研究院,上海200433

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2023年第1期212-226,共15页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(批准号:19BKG044);“太原盆地及其毗邻地区公元前3千纪至1千纪生业、社会及环境的多学科研究”项目(批准号:102020901285)共同资助。

摘　　要：以山西太原阳曲西殿南遗址(38°03′45″N,112°45′55″E)出土的3例人骨和34例动物骨骼(3例鹿、3例狗、5例牛、6例羊、17例猪)为研究对象,运用AMS-14C测年与C、N稳定同位素分析的研究方法,研究该遗址所处的年代、动物和人的食物结构以及先民对家畜的饲喂方式,进而还原龙山文化时期太原盆地的生业经济。AMS-14C测年结果显示,M1墓主人骨骼的14C年代为4200±30 a B.P.,树轮校正后的年代范围为4844~4620 cal.a B.P.,结合该遗址遗存及其组合群特征初步判断其应为一处龙山文化时期遗址。C、N稳定同位素测试结果显示,鹿(δ^(13)C:-20.8‰~-18.7‰,均值-19.6‰±1.1‰;δ^(15)N:2.9‰~3.6‰,均值3.3‰±0.4‰,n=3)主要以C3类食物为生,说明当地野生植被主要为C3类植物;与鹿不同,羊的δ^(13)C值和δ^(15)N值(δ^(13)C:-17.2‰~-14.3‰,均值-16.2‰±1.0‰;δ^(15)N:6.7‰~9.6‰,均值8.1‰±1.2‰,n=6)明显高于鹿,其内部存在一些差异性,可分为A、B、C三组:A组羊(YQ17和YQ19)的δ^(13)C值偏高(分别为-16.4‰和-16.3‰),δ^(15)N值(分别为9.3‰和9.6‰)较高,其年龄较小,食物中包含较多的羊奶或生活于缺水的环境中,抑或被投喂了高蛋白的饲料;B组羊(YQ16、YQ18、YQ20)的δ^(13)C值偏低(分别为-16.8‰、-14.3‰和-17.2‰),但δ^(15)N值(分别为8.3‰、7.4‰和7.2‰)偏高,其受到人工干扰的可能性最大,特别是在冬春季节,野外植被较少,羊群很可能无法自行获得充足的食物资源,这时人为投放的饲料(如粟黍的秸秆等)可能作为其食物的补充;C组羊(YQ15)的δ^(13)C值(-16.3‰)和δ^(15)N值(6.7‰)都较低,其食物来源以C3类植物为主,也有少量C4类食物,其数值符合羊作为食草动物的特征,同时反映出当地野生植被主要以C3类植物为主。显然,以野外放养为主的羊,它们的食物结构仍然受到粟黍农业的强烈影响。大部分牛(δ^(13)C:-20.2‰~-14.6%,均值-16.4‰±2.6‰;δ^(15)N:3In order to reveal the subsistence economy of humans during the Longshan culture period in Taiyuan Basin,the article takes 3 human bones and 34 animal bones(3 deer bones,3 dog bones,5 cattle bones,6 sheep bones and 17 pig bones)unearthed from the Xidiannan site(38°03′45″N,112°45′55″E)of Yangqu County as the research object,uses the method of AMS-14C dating and stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen to research the age of the site,the food structure of animals and humans and the feeding method of the livestock,then,restores the economic situation of the human.AMS-14C dating results show that the carbon-14 age of the owner of tomb 1 is 4200±30 a B.P.,the age range after tree-ring correction is 4844~4620 a B.P.Considering that the Xidiannan site has a large distribution area and many cultural layers,the time span should be large.Therefore,the dating results of tomb 1 human bones may can not cover the overall age span of the whole site.Combining with the unearthed artifacts of the site and its combined group characteristics,it should be a Longshan culture period site.Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis results show that deer(δ^(13)C:-20.8‰~-18.7‰,mean value:-19.6‰±1.1‰;δ^(15)N:2.9‰~3.6‰,mean value:3.3‰±0.4‰,n=3)mainly lived on C3 foods,indicating that the local wild vegetation was mainly C3 plants.Different from deer,theδ^(13)C values of sheep andδ^(15)N values(δ^(13)C:-17.2‰~-14.3‰,mean value:-16.2‰±1.0‰;δ^(15)N:6.7‰~9.6‰,mean value:8.1‰±1.2‰,n=6)are significantly higher than that of deer.There are some differences within them,which can be divided into 3 groups:A,B and C.Group A(YQ17 and YQ19)has higherδ^(13)C values(-16.4‰and-16.3‰,respectively)andδ^(15)N values(9.3‰and 9.6‰,respectively).They were younger,consumed more milk,lived in water-deficient environment or were fed with high-protein fodders.In group B(YQ16,YQ18,YQ20),theδ^(13)C values are low(-16.8‰,-14.3‰and-17.2‰,respectively),but theδ^(15)N values are high(8.3‰,7.4�

关 键 词：西殿南遗址 龙山文化时期 C、N稳定同位素 粟黍农业 

分 类 号：K871.13[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q983.3[历史地理—历史学]