土壤中微塑料的来源与其生态毒理效应研究进展  

Research progress on sources and ecotoxicological effects of microplastics in soil

作　　者：邓爱琴 赵保卫[1] 朱正钰 段凯祥 张鑫 索进苗 杨茂莺 杨佳妮 DENG Aiqin;ZHAO Baowei;ZHU Zhengyu;DUAN Kaixiang;ZHANG Xin;SUO Jinmiao;YANG Maoying;YANG Jiani(School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering,Lanzhou Jiaotong University,Lanzhou,730070,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州交通大学环境与市政工程学院,兰州730070

出　　处：《环境化学》2023年第2期345-357,共13页Environmental Chemistry

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(22166022)资助。

摘　　要：微塑料作为一种新兴的污染物,近年来由于其对环境的污染逐渐加剧而受到了学者的广泛关注.当前对微塑料的研究多集中于水环境中,而对土壤环境中微塑料的研究相对较少,由于其难以降解,会长期存在于土壤环境中,进而对土壤理化性质和物质循环、动植物以及微生物等造成严重的毒理效应.本文评述了土壤中微塑料的来源与其生态毒理效应,土壤中微塑料的来源主要有农用塑料薄膜的广泛使用、农业灌溉用水、污泥堆肥及施用、垃圾填埋和大气沉降.进而阐述了微塑料由于自身的颗粒效应、所含添加剂以及吸附土壤中其它污染物产生的复合污染,对土壤生态环境造成显著的毒理效应.微塑料进入土壤环境后会影响土壤的理化性质和物质循环,使土壤结构发生改变、土壤透气性和酶活性降低.还会影响土壤动植物生长发育以及微生物群落结构,使土壤动物产生肠道损伤、免疫反应、神经毒性、繁殖率降低,死亡率增加以及肠道内微生物群落结构改变等;影响植物种子发芽率、含水量、生殖过程、光合色素、酶活性以及植物生物量和外在特征等;改变微生物原有的群落结构,抑制微生物活性、降低微生物多样性,并使其繁殖发育受到影响.最后,在总结了国内外对微塑料生态毒理效应研究的基础上,对今后的研究重点进行了展望.As emerging pollutants,microplastics have attracted extensive attention of scholars in recent years because of their increasing environmental pollution.At present,the researches on microplastics mostly focus on the water environment,while the researches on microplastics in the soil environment are relatively few.Because they are difficult to be degraded,they will exist in the soil environment for a long time,and then cause serious toxicological effects on animals,plants and microorganisms.This paper reviews the sources and ecotoxicological effects of microplastics in soil,The sources of microplastics in soil mainly include the wide use of agricultural plastic film,agricultural irrigation,sludge composting and application,landfill and atmospheric sedimentation.Furthermore,it is expounded that microplastics have significant toxicological effects on soil ecological environment due to their particle effect,additives and compound pollution caused by adsorption of other pollutants in soil.After entering the soil environment,microplastics will firstly affect the physical and chemical properties and material cycle of the soil,change the soil structure,reduce the soil permeability and enzyme activity.Then they will also affect the growth and development of soil animals and plants and the structure of microbial community,resulting in intestinal injury,immune response,neurotoxicity,reduction of reproduction rate,increase of mortality and change of microbial community structure in the intestinal tract;They will affect the germination rate,water content,reproductive process,photosynthetic pigment,enzyme activity,plant biomass and external characteristics of plant seeds;They also can change the original community structure of microorganisms,inhibit microbial activity,reduce microbial diversity,and affect their reproduction and development.Finally,on the basis of summarizing the researches on the ecotoxicological effects of microplastics at home and abroad,the future research focuses are prospected.

关 键 词：土壤 微塑料 来源 生态毒理效应 

分 类 号：X53[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X171.5