东北虎豹国家公园森林声景的昼夜和季节变化  

Diel and seasonal variability of the forest soundscape in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park

作　　者：孙翊斐 王士政 冯佳伟 王天明 Yifei Sun;Shizheng Wang;Jiawei Feng;Tianming Wang(National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard,Beijing 100875;Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering,Beijing 100875;College of Life Sciences,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]东北虎豹国家公园保护生态学国家林业和草原局重点实验室,北京100875 [2]生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室,北京100875 [3]北京师范大学生命科学学院,北京100875

出　　处：《生物多样性》2023年第1期66-82,共17页Biodiversity Science

基　　金：国家科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY101700,2021FY100702)。

摘　　要：被动声学监测技术和声学指数通过对音频数据的时频域特征进行定量分析,可以反映声景的复杂度、多样性和健康程度等,已经成为评估生物多样性变化的重要手段。本研究从2020年6月至2021年6月在东北虎豹国家公园采集了52个点的声学数据,计算了春、夏、秋、冬4个季节和黎明、白天、黄昏、夜晚4个昼夜时间段的声音复杂度指数(acoustic complexity index,ACI)、声音多样性指数(acoustic diversity index,ADI)、声音均匀度指数(acoustic evenness index,AEI)、生物声学指数(bioacoustic index,BIO)、标准化声景差异指数(normalized difference soundscape index,NDSI)、声音熵指数(acoustic entropy index,H)和1–21k Hz共20个频段的功率谱密度(power spectral density,PSD)等声学指数,评价了声景构成和多样性的昼夜和季节性差异。结果表明,东北虎豹国家公园的声景随季节变化具有显著的昼夜节律差异,尤其是夜晚的声景和声学成分显著不同于其他时段;白天声景的复杂度和多样性以及生物声的强度更高,但夏季的夜晚比白天有更高的声音复杂度;春季的黎明时段由于强烈的鸟类和鸣而具有较高的声音多样性和生物声强度。此外,声景和声学成分具有显著的季节性差异,其中春、夏、秋等3个季节(主要是5–10月)具有高的声音复杂度、多样性和生物声强度,但每个声学指数峰值出现的时间具有高度的异质性。本研究为东北虎豹国家公园声景资源的恢复和保护提供了基础数据,未来需要进一步结合非声学变量深入探讨区域声景形成的驱动因素,揭示人类干扰和气候变化的影响。Aims:Passive acoustic monitoring(PAM)and acoustic indices could provide an effective method for monitoring changes in forest soundscapes.However,annual dynamics of soundscapes remain poorly understood.We studied the diel,seasonal patterns,and shifts of the biotic component of the acoustic environment in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park.Methods:We sampled recordings at 52 sites from June 2020 to June 2021 within the park.For each recording,we calculated the acoustic complexity index(ACI),acoustic diversity index(ADI),acoustic evenness index(AEI),bioacoustic index(BIO),normalized difference soundscape index(NDSI),acoustic entropy(H),and power spectral density(PSD)of each 1 k Hz frequency bin within the 1–21 k Hz frequency band.We divided a diel cycle into 4 phases(dawn,day,dusk,and night)according to the times the sun rose and set,and utilized generalized additive models(GAMs)to fit the curves of the diel and annual patterns of acoustic indices.Results:The soundscapes demonstrated a marked distinction among all four phases,especially between night and other time periods.The soundscapes typically had more acoustic complexity,diversity,and biophony intensity during the daytime.However,night soundscapes showed more acoustic complexity throughout the summer season.In spring,the acoustic diversity index and bioacoustic index were higher at dawn due to intensive bird choruses.Acoustic complexity,diversity,and intensity of biophony demonstrate varied annual dynamics and peaked from May to October.Conclusion:This study identified measurements that effectively summarize baseline soundscape attributes and prioritizes future opportunities for integrating non-acoustic and acoustic variables in research in order to inform area-specific management questions within the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park.

关 键 词：生态声学 森林声景 声学指数 东北虎豹国家公园 生物多样性监测 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]