美国对其亚太同盟的“逆向搭便车”  

U.S.Reverse Free Riding and the Asia-Pacific Alliance System after the Cold War

作　　者：张翔 王联合 ZHANG Xiang;WANG Lianhe

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学国际关系与公共事务学院,上海201620 [2]上海外国语大学国际关系与公共事务学院,上海200083

出　　处：《国际展望》2023年第2期37-56,159,共21页Global Review

摘　　要：“逆向搭便车”指同盟内实力较强的成员在内部竞争条件下,通过减少防卫投入以刺激较弱成员大幅提高自身防卫支出的现象。美国利用亚太盟友在“自主—安全”交易与非对称相互依赖中的脆弱性,以政策鞭策而非削减盟友防卫支出实现对后者的“逆向搭便车”。冷战结束后,美国亚太同盟因盟主霸权透支与盟友“搭便车”而缺乏凝聚力。当前,在对华战略竞争加剧与传统、非传统安全威胁叠加的背景下,美国迫切需要重振亚太同盟体系以共同应对所谓挑战。为提高亚太盟友承担责任的能力与意愿,美国着手调整同盟义务,提升同盟军事合作水平;突破“轴辐”结构限制,与亚太盟友共同打造众多“印太”小多边安全合作机制;鼓励亚太盟友发挥各自相对优势,积极参与地区公共产品供应。美国对其亚太同盟的“逆向搭便车”基于同盟权力的非对称性,因而对于弥合同盟分歧成效有限。但是即便如此,这些政策和行动依然对中国国家安全与未来发展构成严峻挑战。Reverse free-riding occurs when stronger members of an alliance encourage weaker members to significantly increase their defense spending by reducing their own defense investment. In the post-Cold War era, the United States urgently needs to revitalize its Asia-Pacific alliance to jointly respond to strategic competition with China, as well as traditional and nontraditional security threats. To strengthen Asia-Pacific allies’ ability and willingness to share alliance responsibilities, Washington has undertaken several measures, including adjusting alliance obligations, deepening military cooperation, transforming the hub-and-spoke structure, and developing minilateral security platforms with its Asia-Pacific allies in the Indo-Pacific. The United States also encourages its allies to contribute to the provision of public goods in the region based on their comparative advantages. Although this policy has limited effects on bridging the differences in the U.S. Asia-Pacific alliance, it still poses a significant challenge to China’s national security and development.

关 键 词：逆向搭便车 美国亚太同盟 自主—安全交易 非对称同盟 

分 类 号：D871.22[政治法律—政治学]