马克思关于“国家”的古典理解与现代国家理论的政治哲学奠基  

Marx’s Classical Understanding of“State”and the Political Philosophy Foundation of Modern State Theory

作　　者：亓光 Qi Guang(School of Marxism,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221116)

机构地区：[1]中国矿业大学马克思主义学院,徐州221116

出　　处：《浙江社会科学》2023年第3期103-113,159,160,共13页Zhejiang Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“马克思主义国家学说的创新逻辑研究”(项目号:19BZZ002)。

摘　　要：理解马克思国家学说离不开其对古典国家理论的全面理解。启蒙运动后,西方国家理论经历了中心主义国家论、反中心主义国家论和形而上学国家论的演绎,形成了较为成熟的现代国家的诠释性建构。作为“古人”的马克思在批判现代国家时,将古典国家论的远景和思维投射在他的思辨中,生成了一个基于反中心主义国家论却超越其消极意义的全新的国家理论的解释路径,将古典国家论与反中心主义国家论相结合,在政治经济学批判中颠覆了中心主义国家论的基础范畴和底层逻辑,也超越了形而上学国家学说的抽象性。经过博士论文、莱茵报、巴黎、伦敦等四个时期的接续推进,马克思将古典国家论特别是亚里士多德式国家解释进行了积极弥补和不断丰富,逐步勾勒出知识论意义上的马克思国家学说的边界和纲要。时至今日,透过古典理解的马克思国家学说依然为现代国家理论提供了关键的政治哲学奠基,尤其是在国家与阶级关系、现代国家问题、国家形式变革等问题的研究和论辩中,马克思的真知灼见始终发挥不可或缺的作用,是当代中国马克思主义国家理论的重要语境和建构基础。In political philosophy,the understanding of Marx’s theory of state is inseparable from its comprehensive understanding of the classical theory of state.After the Enlightenment,the western country theory experienced the deduction of the centralism country theory,the anti-centralism country theory and the metaphysics country theory,and formed a relatively mature interpretative construction of the modern country.When criticizing the modern country,Marx,as the“ancients”,projected the vision and thinking of the classical theory of state into his speculation,and generated a new interpretation path of the theory of state based on the anti-centralism theory of state but beyond its negative significance.He combined the classical theory of state with the anti-centralism theory of state,and subverted the basic category and underlying logic of the centralism theory of state in the political and economic criticism.It also transcends the abstraction of the metaphysical state theory.Through the continuous promotion of the four periods,including the doctoral thesis,the Rhine,Paris and London,Marx actively made up and enriched the classical theory of state,especially the Aristotelian interpretation of state,and gradually outlined the boundary and outline of Marx’s theory of state in the sense of epistemology.Today,Marx’s theory of state through classical understanding still provides the key political and philosophical foundation for modern state theory,especially in the research and debate of the relationship between the state and class,the problems of modern state,the transformation of state form and other issues,Marx’s insight has always played an indispensable role,and is the important context and construction basis of contemporary Chinese Marxist state theory.

关 键 词：马克思 古典国家论 启蒙中心主义 反中心主义 形而上学国家学说 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] D03[政治法律—政治学] D0