晚清兰溪民塘类型与交易方式——以《同治兰溪鱼鳞图册》为中心  

The Types and Trading Mode of Lanxi Private-Ponds in the Late Qing Dynasty--Centered on Tongzhi Lanxi Yulin Tuce

作　　者：胡铁球[1] 顾晓晓 Hu Tieqiu;Gu Xiaoxiao

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院历史系,金华321004

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2023年第1期64-85,共22页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“浙江鱼鳞册的搜集、整理、研究与数据库建设”(批准号:17ZDA187)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：依据《同治兰溪鱼鳞图册》中民塘登载方式的不同,可将民塘分为“有固定业户的民塘”“无固定业户的民塘”“分塘底塘面业户的民塘”三大类型。“有固定业户的民塘”的突出特征是在“业户名”一栏下登载各业户户名,塘税由这些业户独自承担,民塘可单独交易,可蓄养水产。“无固定业户的民塘”的突出特征是在“业户名”一栏下登载“各田拍乞(讫)”等词语,业户只拥有灌溉权,无蓄养水产权,民塘自身不能独立交易,各业户分拍的塘亩必须“随田交易”,且塘税按各业户分拍的塘亩交纳。“分塘底塘面业户的民塘”的突出特征是在“业户名”一栏下分塘底、塘面两列登载,其中“塘底业户”的性质与第一种民塘类型相同,而“塘面业户”的性质与第二种民塘类型相同。从塘亩纳税额来看,政府将塘定为一种土地类型,主要目的不在于征税,而在于保证田的灌溉以及水利设施的有序维护。民塘被视为田的附属,是保证田赋顺利收取的前提条件与基础。According to the different registration methods of private-ponds in Tongzhi Lanxi Yulin Tuce,private-ponds can be divided into three types:belonging to fixed owners,belonging to unfixed owners,the surface rights of pond and the undersurface rights of pond belonging to different owners.The prominent feature of private-ponds belonging to fixed owners is that the names of owners are listed under the column of"Yehuming",and the pond tax is borne by these owners alone.This kind of pond can be traded independently and raise aquatic products.The prominent feature of private-ponds belonging to unfixed owners is that words such as"owned separately by each land owner"are registered under the column of"Yehuming".Owners only have the right to irrigate,without the right of raising aquatic products.And the pond itself can't be traded independently,this kind of pond must be"traded with the field",and pond tax is paid by the area ratio of each owners.On the third type of ponds,the owners of the pond are registered in two columns.Under the circumstances,the nature of the surface owners are the same as the first type,and the nature of the undersurface owners are the same as the second type.From the point of view of tax payment of ponds,the government defines pond as a land type,the main purpose is not to pay taxes,but to ensure the orderly irrigation and maintenance of water conservancy facilities in the fields.Private-ponds are regarded as the subsidiary of the fields,which are the precondition and basis for ensuring the smooth collection of land tax.

关 键 词：鱼鳞图册 民塘类型 交易方式 政府管理 税额 

分 类 号：F129[经济管理—世界经济] K252[历史地理—历史学]