减量施肥条件下稻田径流氮磷流失特征的研究  

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from paddy fields under lower fertilizer

作　　者：顾建芹[1] 江健[1] GU Jianqin;JIANG Jian(Agro-Technology Extension Center of Fengxian District,Shanghai,Shanghai 201499,China)

机构地区：[1]上海市奉贤区农业技术推广中心,上海201499

出　　处：《上海农业学报》2023年第1期87-93,共7页Acta Agriculturae Shanghai

摘　　要：为明确减量施肥下奉贤区稻田氮磷养分的径流流失特征,寻求适宜的田间施肥模式,基于田间小区径流试验,研究自然降水下常规施肥(CF)、减量施肥(JF)和优化施肥(YF)对水稻产量和稻田径流水中各种形态氮磷流失特征及输出负荷的影响。结果表明:上海市奉贤区当季水稻地表径流水量为2 714.91 m^(3)∕hm^(2),占农田年径流量的87.38%,主要发生于施肥较多、水量丰富的6-8月份。处理间径流水中的氮磷流失浓度在6月份出现峰值,之后逐渐下降,最后平均径流浓度依次为CF> JF> YF,YF处理因缓释肥能有效减缓肥料养分释放速度,径流水中的氮磷浓度始终保持较低,流失负荷量也相应较低,其中以NO3--N消减率最高。与CF处理相比,YF处理的籽粒产量虽减少1.91%,但两者表现无显著差异。总体而言,缓释肥减量20%处理既能稳定水稻籽粒产量,又能有效降低稻田内的氮磷径流损失风险,在实际生产中可采用该施肥模式。In order to clarify the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from paddy fields under lower fertilizer in Fengxian District,and find proper agricultural fertilization modes,a field plot experiment with three treatments such as conventional fertilization(CF),reducing fertilization(JF) and slow-release fertilizer reducing 20% fertilization(YF) was conducted to analyze the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff water,pollution loads,and rice yield under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that the total volume of surface runoff water reached 2 714. 91 m^(3)∕hm^(2) in Fengxian District,which accounted for 87. 38% of the annual runoff. It was mainly distributed from June to August in the rice-growing season with more fertilizer and heavy rainfall. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff water of different treatments peaked in June,and then gradually decreased. Finally,the average runoff concentration was CF > JF > YF. Because slow-release fertilizer could effective reduce the release rate of fertilizer nutrients,the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff water of YF treatment were lower,and the pollution loads were also lower,in which the reduction rate of NO3--N was the highest. Compared with CF treatment, the rice yield of YF treatment decreased by 1. 91%, but there was no significant difference between two treatments. In conclusion,YF treatment which nutrients were 20% reduction of slow-release fertilization could not only maintain the rice yield, but also effective reduce the runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from paddy fields. It could be promoted in agricultural production.

关 键 词：减量施肥 稻田 氮 磷 径流流失 

分 类 号：S153.6[农业科学—土壤学] S511[农业科学—农业基础科学]