“政治的西方”与“政治的东方”--冷战后俄罗斯与西方关系的根源  

The Political West and the Political East: The Sources of Russia’s Relations with the West in the Post-Cold War Era

作　　者：理查德·萨克瓦[1] 杨辉(翻译) Richard Sakwa

机构地区：[1]英国肯特大学政治与国际关系学院 [2]潍坊医学院英语学院

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2022年第6期44-59,共16页Russian Studies

摘　　要：第二次世界大战后的几十年冷战,创建和塑造了一个“政治的西方”,同时它也成为1945年建立的以联合国为基础的国际宪章体系中最重要的次级秩序之一。1991年冷战结束时,人们认为与之相关的机制、实践和机构(尤其是北约)也会解散,从而产生积极和平的新实践。然而,“政治的西方”却以胜利者自居,其实践和意识形态也变得日益激进和具有扩张性,声称自己具有某种普遍性,从而导致冷战所特有的消极和平卷土重来,引起了2014年“第二次冷战”和后来的乌克兰热战。但是,“政治的西方”只是特定时间条件下的西方。另有一个根源于古代的“文化的西方”,今天依然具有普遍意义的艺术和科学属于这个西方。俄罗斯当然是“文化的西方”的一份子,并且在过去的一千年里为之贡献良多。还有一个形成于过去500年间的“文明的西方”。这是帝国主义和殖民主义的时代,但也可以看到文艺复兴和启蒙运动的繁荣。俄罗斯与西方的关系往往有些暧昧,既不断发现自己在现代化模式上落后于西方,又一直在自己的价值观上模棱两可。后共产主义时代的俄罗斯全情投入了“文化的西方”,却与“文明的西方”渐行渐远,与“政治的西方”彻底敌对。俄罗斯引领了大欧亚的构建,也为“政治的东方”更为广阔的发展做出了贡献,在寻求捍卫《联合国宪章》体系的同时提供了另一种现代化模式。A Political West was created during and shaped by the Cold War in the decades after World War II. It became one of the most important sub-orders within the broader United Nations-based Charter International System,established in 1945. When the Cold War end in 1991 it was assumed that the structures, practices and institutions associated with it(notably NATO) would also dissolve, and thus generate new practices of positive peace. Instead, the Political West assumed the position of victor. Its practices and ideology radicalised and expanded, claiming a certain universality, thus regenerating the negative peace characteristic of a cold war. This led to the onset of Cold War II in 2014, followed in short order by hot war in Ukraine. The Political West,however, is only a particular and temporally bound version of the West in general. There is also the Cultural West, with its roots reaching back to antiquity and today continues to produce art and science of universal significance. Russia is by entitlement part of this Cultural West, and over the last millennium has contributed much to it. There is also the Civilisational West, which has taken shape over the last 500 years. This was the age of imperialism and colonialism,but it also saw the flourishing of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Russia has always had an ambivalent relationship with this West, repeatedly finding itself lagging in terms of its model of modernity as well as remaining enduringly equivocal about its values. Post-communist Russia engaged fully with the Cultural West, but became increasingly alienated from the Civilisational West,while in the end its relationship with the Political West became outright hostile.Russia took the lead in shaping a Greater Eurasia, as well as contributing to the development of a broader Political East that offers an alternative model of modernity while seeking to defend the Charter system.

关 键 词：西方国际政治体系 俄乌冲突 政治的西方 政治的东方 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]